Farm technical manual 1979

CONTENTS

Page SECTION 1 - CHARACTERISTICS OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS

1.1 Normal and ^E:~pected Range of Temperature, Pulse

and Respiration ... ... . . .. 1-3 1.2 Puberty ... " ... ".,." " , ... "., .... 1-4 1.3 Telling of Age of Animals

1.3.1 Age of Horses ... , ... , ... ,. 1-4 1.3.2 Age of Cattle .. , ... , ... ,., 1-5 1.3.3 Age of Sheep, ... , ... , .. 1-5 1.4 Breeding Table ... , ... , ... , .. , .... , . . . . .. 1-6 1.5 Table of Oestrum. , , " .. " ... , ... , ... , ... 1-6 1.6 Periods of Gestation" .. , ... ,., ... , ... , .. 1-7

SECTION 2 - SHEEP PRODUCTION

2.1 New Zealand Sheep Statistics ... , ... 2-3 2.1.2 Sheep Numbers by Statistical Areas as at 30 June

1976 and 30 June 1977 ......... , ..... . , ....... 2-3 2.1,2 Ewe Numbers at 30 June and Tailing percentages

for Spring 1976 and 1977 respectively, ... , . . . . .. 2- 3 2.2 Budgeting Notes

2.2.1 Lambing Percentages ... , , , . , .... ,. 2-4 2.2.2 Mortality ... , . , ... , , .. , .... , . . . .. 2-4 2.2.3 Culling ... 2-4 2.2.4 Rams. . . .. 2-5 2.2.5 Home Killing and Dog Tucker. . . .. 2-5 2.2.6 Flock Replacements. . . .. 2-6

SECTION 3 - WOOL PRODUCTION

3.1 Shearing ... , ... ,', .. " .,'",3-3 3.2 Crutching." " " "" " "" " ." ,."" " " ""."."" " , 3-3

3.3 Wool Preparation ... 3-3 3.4 Budgeting Procedure ... 3-4 3.5 Wool Classification. . . .. 3-4 3.6 Summary of Wool Characteristics of Breeds. . . .. 3··11 3.7 Clean Woo] yields ... 3-15 3.8 Average Percentage Yield of Lambswool and Oddments

of Good/Average Grade. . . .. 3-15 3.9 Statistical Report - A Seasonal Summary ... 3-16 3.10 Sampling and Testing of Wool

3.10.1 Introduction ... 3-17 3.10.2 Advantages of the Sampling and Testing System ... 3-18 3.10.3 Core Sampling ... 3-20 3.11 New Zealand Selling System

3.11.1 3.11.2 3.11.3 3.11.4

Modes of Sale ... 3-22 Auction Sales in New Zealand. . . .. 3-23 Private Buying in New Zealand. . . .. 3-26 United Kingdom Auctions. . . .. 3-27

SECTION 4 - BEEF CATTLE PRODUCTION 4.1 Beef Ca ttle Statistics

4.1.1 Beef Cattle Numbers as atJune 1976 ... 4-3 4.2 Factors Influencing Beef Cattle Performance

4.2.1 Physical Performance ... 4-3 4.2.2 Stock Sale Policy. . . .. 4-4 4.3 Methods of Selling Cattle

4.3.1 By auction ... . 4.3.2 By private treaty ... . 4.3.3 On schedule ... . 4.4 Dressing-out Percentages ... . 4.5 Beef Stock Reconciliation

4-5 4-5 4-5 4-6

4.5.1 Production Parameters. . . .. 4-6 4.5.2 Beef Stock Reconciliation - An example. . . .. 4-7

SECTION 5 - DAIRY CATTLE PRODUCTION 5.1 Dairy Statistics

5.1.1 Description of Dairy Herds 1976/77 ... 5-3 5.1.2 Total Dairy Factory Manufacture ... 5-4 5.1.3 Milk Produced and Milkfat Processed ... 5-4 5.1.4 Milkfat Processed in Dairy Factories,

1976 - 1977 Season ... 5-5 5.1.5 Percentage of Suppliers to Dairy Factories

Supplying Wholemilk (by district) ... 5-6 5.1.6 Dairy Cattle at 30 June 1976 ... 5-7 5.2 Measurement of Milk and Cream ... 5-8 5.3 Composition of Milk and Product Yields. . . .. 5-8 5.4 Cow Production

5.4.1 Milkfat Production. . . .. 5-9 5.4.2 Town Milk Production ... 5-9 5.4.3 Effective Milking Cows. . . .. 5-9 5.5 The Town Milk Supply System

5.5.1 Quota Milk ... 5-10 5.5.2 Surplus Milk (milk produced in excess of

the quota amount) . . . .. 5-10 5.5.3 The Quota Price ... 5-10 5.5.4 The Payment Scheme ... 5-11 5.6 Calving Patterns and Analysis of Town Supply Milk

Production ... 5-12 5.7 Herd Replacements

5.7.1 5.7.2 5.7.3 5.7.4

Herd Wastage ... " ... 5-14 Calving Statistics. . . .. 5-15 Number of Heifers Available as Replacements ... 5-15 Bulls ... " ... 5-15 5.8 Stock Reconciliations

5.8.1 Seasonal Supply Herd ... 5-16 5.8.2 Town Supply Herd ... ; ... 5-17

SECTION 6 - PIG PRODUCTION 6.1 Pig Production Statistics

6.1.1 Pig Distribution in New Zealand. . . .. 6- 3 6.1.2 Number of Breeding Sows in relation to Pigs

Slaugh teredo . . . .. 6- 3 6.2 Nutrition... 6-4 6.3 Feeding Scale. . . .. 6-6

SECTION 7 - LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION FROM PASTURE 7.1 Introduction ... 7-3 7.2 Nutritive Value of Pasture ... 7-3 7.3 Evaluation of Pasture ... 7-5 7.4 Requirements of Ruminants for Pasture ... 7-6 7.4.1 AdultSheep ... 7-7 7.4.2 Weaned Lambs ... 7-7 7.4.2 Beef Cattle ... 7-9 7.4.4 Lactating Dairy Cows . . . .. 7-9 7.5 Profile of Annual Demand for Pasture by Ruminants

7.5.1 Sheep ... 7-11 7.5.2 Beef Cattle ... 7-12 7.5. 3 Dairy Cows. . . .. 7-1 3 7.6 Livestock Production from Pasture. . . .. 7-14 7.7 Discussion ... 7-17 7.8 Monthly Feed Supply and Demand Tables

7.8.1 Hayfeeding ... 7-20 7.8.2 Grain Feeding ... 7-21 7.8.3 Brassicas and Root Crops ... 7-21 7.8.4 Silage ... 7-23 7.8.5 Winter Greenfeeds ... 7-23 7.8.6 Maintenance Feed Requirement Relationship

Between Livestock Classes (Breeding Ewe Constant) 7-24 7.8.7 Reciprocal Maintenance Feed Requirement

Rela tionshi p Livestock Classes (Dry Stock Constant) 7-25 7.8.8 Pasture ... 7-26

SECTION 8 - PASTURE PRODUCTION 8.1 Identification of Grasses and Clovers

8.1.1 Identification of Grasses. . . .. 8-3 8.1.2 Identification of Clovers ... , 8-6 8.2 New Zealand Herbage Seeds. . . .. 8-9 8.3 New Zealand Herbage Varieties and Their Characteristics

8.3.1 8.3.2 8.3.3 8.3.4 8.3.5 8.3.6 8.3.7 8.3.8 8.3.9 8.3.10 8.3.11 8.3.12 8.3.13 8.3.14 8.3.15

'Grasslands Ariki' Ryegrass ... 8-10 'Grasslands Manawa' Ryegrass ... 8-10 'Grasslands Paroa' Italian Ryegrass. . . .. 8-11 'Grasslands Ruanui' Ryegrass ... 8-11 'Grasslands Nui' Ryegrass ... 8-11 'Grasslands Tama' Ryegrass ... 8-12 'Grasslands Apanui' Cocksfoot. . . .. 8-12 'Grasslands Kahu' Timothy ... 8-13 'Grasslands Matua' Prairie Grass ... 8-13 'Grasslands Huia' White Clover. ... 8-13 'Grasslands Pitau' White Clover ... 8-14 'Grasslands Turoa' Montgomery Red Clover ... 8-14 'Grasslands Hamua' Broad Red Clover. . . .. 8-15 'Grasslands Pawera' Red Clover . . . .. 8-15 'Grasslands Maku' Lotus ... 8-15 8.4 Seasonal Ranking of Ryegrass - Clover Swards ... 8-16 8.5 Pasture Production in New Zealand

8.5.1 Utilization ... 8-17 8.5.2 Spelling Period ... 8-17 8.5.3 Extrapolation ... 8-17

SECTION 9 - CASH CROPS AND SMALL SEED PRODUCTION 9.1 Varieties

9.1.1 "rheat ... 9-3 9.1.2 Barley ... 9-3 9.1.3 Oats ... 9-3 9.1.4 Ryecorn ... 9-3 9.1.5 Maize ... 9-3 9.1.6 Linseed ... 9-3 91.7 Peas ... 9-3

9.1.8 9.1.9 9.1.10 9.1.11 9.1.12 9.1.13 9.1.14 9.1.15 9.1.16 9.1.17 9.1.18 9.1.19

Lupins ... 9-3 Potatoes. . . .. 9- 3 Rape ... 9-3 Swedes ... , ... 9-3 Turnips ... 9-4 Kale ... 9-4 Fodderbeet ... 9-4 Lucerne ... 9-4 Ryegrass ... '. . . .. 9-4 Cocksfoot . . . .. 9-4 Clovers. . . .. 9-4 Lotus ... 9-4 9.2 Sowing and Harvesting of Crops ... 9-5 9.4 Standards for Marketing Cash Crops and Small Seeds

9.3.1 Wheat ... 9-7 9.3.2 Barley ... 9-7 9.3.3 Peas. . . .. 9-8 9.3.4 Beans ... 9-9 9.3.5 Potatoes ... 9-9 SECTION 10 - HORTICULTURAL AND PROCESS CROP

PRODUCTION

10.1 Vegetable Production Guide ... 10-3 10.2 Apple and Pear Basic Sizes. . . .. 10-5 10.3 Horticultural Statistics

10.3.1 10.3.2 10.3.3 10.3.4 10.3.5 10.3.6 10.3.7 10.3.8 10.3.9 10.3.10 10.3.11 10.3.12

Vegetables . . . .. 10-6 Potatoes. . . .. .. . . .. 10-6 Onions. . . .. 10-6 Glasshouses. . . .. 10-7 Horticultural Land Use ... 10-7 Orchards and the Fruit Industry ... 10-7 Fruit Disposal: Estimated Production and Methods of Dispoal of the Various Fruit Crops in 1977 . . .. 10-9 Berryfruit Industry ... 10-10 Grape Growing and Wine Production ... 10-10 Apples and Pears ... 10-10 Hops. . . .. 10-11 Tobacco ... , .... 10-11 10.4 References ... 10-12

SECTION 11 - ELECTRICITY

11.1 Definition of Electrical Terms ... 11-3 11.2 Useful Formulae and Equivalents. . . .. 11-3 11.3 Electricity Consumption - Unit Performance Data

11.3.1

11.3.2 Dairy ... 11-4 General. . . .. 11-5

SECTION 12 - FERTILIZERS

12.1 Essential Elements ... 12-3 12.2 Fertilizer and Lime Requirements for Pasture in

New Zealand

12.2.1 North Island ... 12-3 12.2.2 South Island ... 12-7

SECTION 13 - IRRIGATION AND FARM WATER SUPPLY 13.1 Measurements

13.1.1 13.1.2 13.1.3

Useful Conversions. . . .. 13-3 Commonly Used Units for Farm Water Supply ... 13-4 Metric Imperial Equivalents. . . .. 13-5 13.2 Water Requirements

13.2.1 13.2.2 13.2.3

Average Rates of Demand ... 13-5 Peak Rates of Demand. . . .. 13-6 Quantity and Time Patterns. . . .. 13-6 13.3 Average and Peak Water Requirements for Farm Water Supply

13.3.1 13.3.2 13.3.3 13.3.4 13.3.5 13.3.6

Average Daily Stock Water Requirements ... 13-6 Average Daily Domestic Consumption. . . .. 13-7 Average Daily Garden Consumption. . . .. 13-7 Average Consumptions on General Farming

Activities ... 13-7 Long Term Demands in Domestic and Stock

Supplies. . . .. 13-8 Storage Provison of Tanks and Dams Filled

by Pumping or Gravity from a Source of Supply 13-9

13.3.7

13.3.8 Pumping Rates for Filling Storages from Supply. . .. 13-10 Maximum Rates of Consumption for Domestic

and Stock Purposes ... , 13-10 13.4 Factors Influencing Cost of an Irrigation System ... 13-11 13.5 Establishing the Watering Cycle

13.5.1 13.5.2 13.5.3 13.5.4

Frequency of Irrigation ... 13-12 Net Available Water ... 13-12 Total Available Water. ... 13-12 Total Available Water per Metre of Soil. . . .. 13-13 13.6 Sprinkler Irrigation Design Data

13.6.1 13.6.2 13.6.3 13.6.4 13.6.5 13.6.6 13.6.7

Mean Available Water-Holding Capacities of Soils

of Various Textural Classes. . . .. 13-13 Mean Available Water-Holding Capacities of Soil

Groups in New Zealand ... 13-14 A Guide to Soil Textures. . . .. 13-14 Crop Root Zone. . . .. 13-15 Maximum Net Application ... 13-16 Efficiency of Application. . . .. 13-17 Application Rate. . . .. 13-17 13.7 Factors Affecting Pump Size

13.7.1 Total Head ... 13-19 13.7.2 WaterPower ... 13-19 13.7.3 Pump Efficiency ... 13-21 13.7.4 Selection of Pump Size. . . .. 1 3-22 13.8 Working Lives for Farm Water Supply Equipment

13.8.1 13.8.2 13.8.3 13.8.4

Storages. . . .. 13-22 Pumps. . . .. 13-22 Motors. . . .. 13-23 Miscellaneous. . . .. 13-23

SECTION 14 - WEED AND PEST CONTROL 14.1 Weed Control

14.1. 1 Introduction. . . .. 14- 3 14.1.2 Weed Control Table ... , ... 14-4

14.2 Insect Pest Control 14.2.1

14.2.2 14.2.3 14.2.4 14.2.5 14.2.6 14.2.7 14.3.8

Introduction. . . .. 14-20 Berry Fruit Pests. . . .. 14-22 Cereal Crop Pests. . . .. 14-25 Forage and Seed Crop Pests. . . .. 14-26 Livestock Pests ... , . .. 14-27 Pasture Pests. . . .. 14-28 Stored Products Pests ... 14-30 Vegetable Crop Pests ... 14-32

SECTION 15 - FARM STRUCTURES 15.1 Sheep Yards

15.1.1 Introduction. . . .. 15-3 15.1.2 Yard Size ... 15-4 15.1.3 Yard Shape ... 15-4 15.1.4 Yard Construction ... 15-6 15.1.5 Gates ... 15-13 15.1.6 The Cruch ... 15-15 15.1.7 The Drafting Race ... 15-16 15.1.8 Drafting Pens ... 15-17 15.1.9 Check Pens ... 15-17 15.1.10 Foot-rot Baths ... 15-17 15.1.11 Circular SAheepyards . . . .. 15 -18 15.2 Cattle Yards

15.2.1 15.2.2 15.2.3 15.2.4

Introduction ... 15-22 Designing the Yards ... 15-22 Yard Construction ... 15-24 Circular Cattleyards. . . .. 15-24 15.3 Cattlestops ... 15-28 15.4 Haybarns ... 15-30 15.5 Grain Storage Buildings

15.5.1

15.5.2 Galvanized Steel Silos. . . .. 15 -31 Steel Mesh Silos. . . .. 15- 31

15.6 Concrete ... 15-31 15.7 Timber ... 15-32 15.8 Other Farm Buildings ... 15-34

SECTION 16 - FARM MACHINERY

16.1 Power Terms ... 16-3 16.3.1 Average Specific Fuel Consumption per kW-hour 16-5 16.3.2 Fuel Consumption in litres/hour for Different

Sizes and Loads on Tractor Engines. . . .. 16-6 16.3.3 Oil Consumption ... 16-8 16.4 Work Capacity of Farm Machinery and Implements

16.4.1 Cultivation ... 16-8 16.4.2 Harvesting ... 16-8 16.5 Field Capacity and Efficiency

16.5.1

16.5.2 Field Capacity. . . ... 16-9 Effective Field Capacity. . . .. 16-9 16.6 Examples of Working Out Tractor Hours ... 16-10

16.6.1 16.6.2 16.6.3

Henvy Soils. . . .. 16-10 Medium Soils ... 16-12 Miscellaneous. . . .. 16-12

SECTION 17 - WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 17.1 The S.l. System

17.1.1 Introduction ... 17-3 17.1.2 S.l. Units ... 17-3 17.1.3 The Prefixes of S.L Units ... 17-4 17.1.4 Special Names. . . .. 17-4 17.1.5 Rules of Style ... 17-5 17.1. 6 Precision and Conversion . . . .. 17-5 17.1. 7 Metric and Imperial Listings. . . .. 17-6 17.2 Agricultural Applications of the S.l. System

17.2.1 Agricultural Chemicals. . . .. 17-6 17.2.2 Animal Remedies ... 17-8

17.2.3 17.2.4 17.2.5 17.2.6

Dairying. . . .. 17-9 Fencing. . . .. 17-9 Fertilizers. . . .. 17-9 Grains and Seeds. . . .. 17-10 17.2.7 Horticulture ... 17-11 17.2.8 Meat: Sheep and Cattle ... 17-11 17.3 Metric and Imperial Conversions

17.3.1 17.3.2 17.3.3 17.3.4 17.3.5 17.3.6 17.3.7 17.3.8 17.3.9 17.3.10 17.3.11 17.3.12 17.3.13

Area ... . Density ... . Energy ... . Length ... . Mass ... . Mass per Unit Areas ... . Mass per Unit Length ... . Pressure ... . Temperature ... . Velocity ... . Volume ... . Volume per Unit Area ... . Volume per Unit Time ... . 17.4 Miscellaneous Measures

17.4.1 Cost Conversions ... . 17.4.2 Crop Yields ... . 17.4.3 Distance ... . 17.4.4 Rainfall ... . 17.4.5 Temperature ... . 17.4.6 Velocity ... . 17.4.7 Volume ... . 17.4.8 Volume per Unit Area ... .

SECTION 18 - METEOROLOGICAL DATA

17-11 17-12 17-12 17-12 17-13 17-13 17-13 17-14 17-14 17-14 17-15 17-15 17-15

17-16 17-16 17-16 17-16 17-16 17-17 17-17 17-17

18.1 Annual Rainfall ... 18-3 18.2 Summaries of Climatological Observations at

New Zealand Stations to 1970

18.2.1 Introduction. . . .. 18- 3 18.2.2 Notes on the Tables ... 18-4 18.2.3 Tables of Observations ... 18-9 INDEX ... . 19-1

PREFACE

This booklet, the first of a two part Lincoln College Farm Budget Manual, is revised and published biennially. Its companion volume (Part 2, Financial) is revised annually.

Users of this booklet will note that it is fully metricated, even though the agricultural sector has not yet reached that point, but the areas of discrepancy are few.

A number of poeple have made contributions to this Manual but two deserve special mention, Mr. J. Clark and Mr. N. Herbert, for their conscientious work with the major task of revising and updating the information contained in the Manual. To all members of the College staff, commercial firms and organizations that gave contributions and assistance in the revision of this Manual, I extend my grateful thanks.

RJ. Diprose

Senior Lecturer in Farm Management Editor

February 1979.

SECTION

CHARACTERISTICS OF

DOMESTIC ANIMALS

1. CHARACTERISTICS OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS

When caring for livestock. the following inform.ation concerning normal temperature, pulse and respiration rates, breeding cycles and age determination, may be required, particularly in the case of disease problems.

1.1 NORMAL AND EXPECTED RANGE OF TEMPER- ATURE, PULSE AND RESPIRATION.

Body Temperature Pulse Respiration

Deg. DC Daytime

(Rectal Average) (Beats/Min) (Breaths/Min) Sheep 38.9 (37.2 - 40.5) 75 (60 - 120) 12 - 20 Cattle 38.6 (37.8 - 39.3) 70 (40 - 100) 31 (27 - 40) Pig 39.3 (38.8 - 40.3) (55 - 86) ( 8 - 18) Horse 37.8 (37.2- 38.1) 44 (23 - 70) 11.9 (10.6 - 13.6) Dog 38.9 (36.7 - 40.5) (100 - 130)* 18 (11 - 38) Goat 39.3 (37.8 - 40.5) 90 (70 - 135) 19

* Heart rate varies in all these animals according to body weight, but the very great range of size in breeds of dog make this difference more marked. Thus, a Great Dane has a resting pulse of about 80, while toy breeds have a resting rate of about 130.

The temperature will vary considerably for each animal within a certain range. Thus, it is highest in the afternoon and lowest soon after midnight. In cattle under paddock conditions, for instance, this range may cover 2.2°C, The range is not so marked in housed cattle, or where the climate is temperate.

Exercise, feeding and excitement, will raise the temperature. Drink- ing cold water and bleak conditions will lower the temperature.

The increase in temperature outside the normal range is of the utmost importance generally indicating some infectious condition.

A subnormal temperature may be of great importance as indicating the nature of the disease. For example, a cow after calving may go down and become semi-comatose; if the temperature is high, it points to the possibility of septicaemia. If the temperature is low, it points to the possibility of a metabolic disease such as milk fever.

The temperature should always be taken if, for example, symptoms are being noted in order to telephone a veterinarian for advice. It is often the most important single piece of information. It should be taken in the rectum, with an ordinary human clinical thermometer, a half-minute thermometer being left in a minute and a half, to obtain an accurate reading.

The pulse and respiration should also be taken in conjunction with the temperature, as they often give most valuable evidence. The simplest way to count the pulse is to hold the hand over the heart area (under the elbow) and count the impulses of the heart beat.

The pulse and respiration will vary widely with exercise, excitement, or weather conditions, quite apart from the effect of disease.

1.2

PUBERTY

Ewe Cow Sow Mare Bitch Nanny

Normal Time (Age in months)

8 - 12 12 - 18 4- 5 12-24 7 - 10 8 - 12 Puberty is the age at which animals will breed.

Puberty varies widely with feeding, breed, strain and cli~ate. For example, a Jersey heifer has been known to mate successfully at under 3 months of age having a calf while under 12 months.

1.3 TELLING THE AGE OF THE ANIMALS 1.3.1 Age of Horses

Location of teeth

First pair of middle incisors Second pair of incisors (Located at either side of

"nippers")

Third pair of corner incisors

Ages at eruption of

permanent teeth 2)-i years 3)-i years 4)-i years

"Cups" disappear from wearing

surfaces of permanent teeth

lower jaw 6 years 7 years 8 years The age of the older horses is more difficult to determine but, in general, the shape of the wearing surface of the teeth gradually changes from oval to triangular, the forward pitch becomes more marked, and the neck of the teeth at the gums becomes

narrower. At 10 years, a groove, known as Galvayne's Groove, appears on the Upper Corner Incisor. At 15 years, this groove is halfway down the tooth, and at 20 years it is the full length of the tooth.

1.3.2 Age of Cattle

The age of cattle is usually determined by general appearance.

However, the time that the teeth erupt can be used as a guide to age. During the first few weeks of life, four pairs of temporary incisors in the lower jaw usually appear. These are replaced by the same number of permanent ones as follows:-

Teeth

First or middle pair of incisors Second pair of incisors

Third pair of incisors Fourth pair of incisors

Age of Eruption 22 to 34 months 27 to 41 months 33 to 42 months 41 months The state of dentition, taken alone, is not a reliable guide to the age of cattle.

1.3.3 Age of Sheep

The age of sheep can be gauged by the time of the appearance of permanent incisors, there being four pairs, all in the lower jaw.

They erupt as follows:

Teeth

First or middle pair of incisors Second pair of incisors Third pair of incisors Fourth pair of incisors

Age at Eruption 12 to 18 months 21 to 24 months 30 to 36 months 42 to 48 months

Common term 2 tooth 4 tooth 6 tooth 8 tooth Type of feed and pasture have a good deal of influence on the age at which teeth of a sheep begin to wear and fall out, but normally a sheep is cast for age at 6 years.

1.4 BREEDING TABLE

Time of Service Calving Date Lambing Date Farrowing Date

July 9 April 17 December October 31

July 23 May December 19 November 14

August 6 May 15 January 2 November 28

August 20 May 29 January 16 December 12

September 3 June 12 Jar,uary 30 December 26

September 17 June 26 February 13 January 9

OctOber 1 July 10 February 27 January 23

October 15 July 24 March 13 February 6

October 29 August 7 March 27 February 20

November 12 August 21 April 10 March 6

November 26 September 4 April 24 March 20

December 10 September 18 May 8 April 3

December 24 October 2 May 22 April 17

January 8 October 17 June 6 May 2

January 22 October 31 June 20 May 16

February 5 November 14 July 4 May 30

February 19 November 28 July 18 June 13

March 5 December 12 August June 27

March 19 December 26 August 15 July 11

April 2 January 9 August 29 July 25

April 16 January 23 September 12 August 8

April 30 February 6 September 26 August 22

May 14 February 20 October 10 September 5

May 28 March 6 October 24 September 19

June 11 March 20 November 7 October 3

JUlie 25 April 3 November 21 October 17

Sheep: 5 months less 4 days. Cows: 9 months plus 9 days.

1.5 TABLE OF OESTRUM

Duration of Return after Recurrence if Oestrum Parturition not impregnated Ewe (Merino) 36 - 48 hrs 60-150 days if no 17 (12 - 19) days

suckling, otherwise 4- 6 months.

Cow 14 hrs (10 - 18 41 - 60 days 21 (18 - 24) days hrs)

Mare 41, - 9 days 9 - 14 days 21 (12 - 25) days

SO\lI/ 2·-3 days 7 days after 21 (14 - 26) days

weaning

Bitch 4- 3 days 5 - 6 monchs 5 - 6 months

1.6 PERIODS OF GESTATION

Shortest Usual Longest Period Period Period

Days Days Days

Mare ... . 322 347 419 Ass ... . 365 380 391 Cow ... . 240 283 321

Ewe ... . 146 154 161

Sow ... . 109 115 143 Goat ... . 150 156 163 Bitch ... . 55 60 63 Cat ... . 48 50 56 Rabbit ... . 20 28 35 Turkey sitting ) Hen ... . 27 24 28 on the eggs ) Duck ... . 24 27 30

of the ) Turkey ... . 24 26 30

Hen sitting on ) Duck ... . 26 30 34 the eggs of the ) Hen ... . 19 21 24 Duck ... . 28 30 32 Goose ... . 27 30 33 Pigeon ... . 16 18 20

SECTION

SHEEP PRODUCTION

2 SHEEP PRODUCTION

2.1 NEW ZEALAND SHEEP STATISTICS

2.1.1 Sheep Numbers by Statistical Areas as at 30 June 1976 and 30 June 1977.

1976 1977

Statistical Area Numbers % ^Numbers %

x 1000 x 1000

Northland 1,316 2.3 1,471 2.4

Central Auckland 720 1.2 793 1.3

Sth.Auckland/Bayof 7,623 13.6 8,272 14.0 Plenty

East Cost 2,545 4.5 2,605 4.4

Hawke's Bay 6,842 12.1 7,202 12.1

Taranaki 1,317 2.3 1,398 2.3

Wellington 8,645 15.3 9,138 15.4

North Island 29,008 51.5 30,879 52.3

Marlborough 1,396 2.4 1,393 2.3

N elson/Westland 848 1.5 911 1.5

Canterbury 9,954 17.6 10,322 17.4

Otago 7,417 13.1 7,659 12.9

Southland 7,777 13.7 7,941 13.4

South Island 27,392 48.5 28,226 47.8

NEW ZEALAND 56,400 100.0 59,105 100.0

(Source: "Annual Review of the Sheep of the Sheep and BeefIndustry 1976/77 and 1977/78", N.Z. Meat & Wool Boards' Economic Service).

2.1.2 Ewe Numbers at 30June and Tailing Percentages for Spring of 1976 and 1977 respectively.

Ewe Numbers at June Tailing %

Statistical Area 1976 1977 1976 1977

Northland 939 1,032 91.5 94.2

Central Auckland 501 545 86.3 90.8

Sth.Auckland/Bay of 5,564 5,932 93.1 91.0 Plenty

East Coast 1,761 1,819 84.1 80.9

Hawke's Bay 4,964 5,222 97.5 86.7

Taranaki 972 1,008 93.1 89.2

Wellington 6,154 6,384 92.7 85.0

North Island 20,855 21,942 93.0 87.5

Marlborough 946 938 89.8 90.9

N elsonlW estland 606 651 92.3 93.8

Canterbury 7,355 7,569 99.4 97.3

Otago 5,465 5,646 95.9 97.3

Southland 5,973 6,034 106.3 106.7

South Island 20,345 20,838 99.8 99.5

NEW ZEALAND 41,200 42,780 96.4 93.3

(Source: "Annual Review of the Sheep and Beef Industry, 1976/77 and 1977/78", N.Z. Meat and Wool Boards' Economic Service).

2.2

BUDGETING NOTES

Lambing Percentage

There are several common methods for calculating the lambing percentage figure:

1. Number oflambs docked X lQQ Number of ewes to ram 1

2. Number oflambs docked 100 Number of ewes alive at docking X -1- 3. Number of lambs surviving to sale X 100

Number of ewes put to the ram 1

The last calculation is the only correct one for budgeting and should be used in preference to 1 and 2.

These two methods are often used by farmers but give a false picture of the flock's lambing performances.

2.2.2

Mortality

The average mortality for a ewe flock on low country is 4%-5%.

On harder country, this figure is higher. 6%-10% overall is common on South Island high country runs with occasional losses of greater than 15%.

Lamb losses are usually taken as from docking to sale. Average death allowances are 2-3% for stores and 3--4% for fat lambs.

2.2.3

Culling

It is usual to cull to some extent in most ewe flocks. The criteria on which the sheep are culled vary a lot with the flock policy and the type of country. Bearing troubles, bad udders and teeth,

poor constitution and reproductive performance are a few of these criteria. Culling is heavy in ewe lambs and 2 tooth ewes.

Usually total numbers of ewe lambs are sufficient to allow fairly heavy culling in selection of ewe lambs to go into winter. Culls from hill farms are readily sold to farmers on lower country, either as ewe lambs or as 2Ts in the autumn.

Most hill country farmers discard ewes when they have lambed 3 or 4 times, or when the mouths are worn out. These '4 year olds' and' 5 year oIds' are sold at ewe fairs, and receive premium prices if 'guaranteed'. These are termed 'cast for age' or c.f.a.

ewes.

2.2.4 Rams

It is usual to buy rams as 'one-shear' at local ram fairs, which are either stud or flock. The average farmer buys flock rams. Rams last 'on average' 4 breeding seasons and are usually disposed of by killing for farm dogs. One ram per 50 ewes is a common ratio but recent research has shown that 1:100 is adequate. This depends on the breed and the type of country.

2.2.5 Home Killing and Dog Tucker

On sheep farms, a suitable allowance is ~ a sheep per household per week. This varies with the number of employees and the time of the year. It is usual to keep some cull lambs for house meat but wether hoggets may be bought. Dogs are usually fed on ram meat or other sheep that are killed for this purpose. It cannot be stressed enough that ALL meat or offal fed to dogs should be either frozen or cooked for the legal minimum periods of time for the control of hydatids and sheep measles.

Meat frozen for 10 days at -10°C or boiled for 1 hour is deemed safe for dogs.

For further information, contact the Hydatids Officer at your local Council office.

It should also be emphasized that all meat for home consump- tion should be prepared in hygienic surroundings. Farm-killed meat must NOT be offered for sale.

2.2.6 Flock Replacements

Method 1:

It is essential in any budgetary estimate to state the class, number and performance of the sheep flock on the property and to tie this up in a stock reconciliation covering a twelve month period. An example is given here of a store sheep unit carrying 2,000 ewes and breeding own replacements. Ewes last 5 seasons and 100 per cent of lambs survive to weaning.

Mortality in the ewe flock is 5 per cent and approximately 5 per cent of the 4, 6 and 8 tooth ewes and the 5 years ewes are culled each year. Twenty per cent of the 2 tooth ewes are culled before going into the ewe flock.

The procedure is as follows:

1. Establish the total loss from the ewe flock annually which is 5% deaths and 5% culling or approximately 200.

2. Ewes are kept 5 seasons so divide this total loss by 5 to get the approximate loss in each age group of the flock 200 + 5

= 40. There are more sheep in the younger age groups but stock losses tend to increase with age after the 2T year so equal annual losses have been allowed.

3. In a flock being kept for 5 seasons, more than 1/5 th of the sheep are 2T, more than 1/5th are 4T, approximately 1/5th 6T, less than 1/5th are 8T and less again are 5 year olds because of deaths. The flock composition is found by taking 1/5 th of the total flock and calling this 6T ewes, e. g.

2000 xl/5th = 400 6T ewes.

The number of sheep in each other age group is then found by adding or subtracting the appropriate number of annual losses per age group.

e.g. number of 2T ewes

=

⁺

=

4. Thus, the flock composition is 480 2T ewes 440 4T ewes 400 6T ewes 360 8T ewes

~5 year ewes 2,000

5. Cull mixed age ewes for sale. Tpese make up half of the

-,--

annual loss per age group, e.g. 40 2

.. 20 4T ewes 20 6T ewes 20 ST ewes 20 5 year ewes

so

6. Cast for age ewes for sale are 320 less half the annual loss per age group (deaths only, as they are all being culled).

e.g. 320 _ 40

=

=

7. Two tooth ewes required are sufficient for 20% culling.

:. 4S0 x

i~~ =

Ewe lambs to be kept at weaning to ensure this number of 2T ewes allowing 5% death rate in ewe hoggets.

=

⁼

.. 1 000 wether lambs to sell less 50 killers

1 000 ewe lambs less 610 to flock gives 390 to sell Less 20 culls for house mutton and dog tucker

=

9. This stock performance will now be formally summarized in a stock reconciliation. (over page).

10. Summary of Sales:

Wether Lambs: Prime off the mothers 9% = 90

Ewe Lambs 2T Ewes

Seconds off the mothers 1 % = 10 Prime off Feed 50% = 500 Seconds off Feed 35% = 350

Mixed Age Ewes (Culls) Cast for Age Ewes

Summary of Sheep Killed:

49 Wether hoggets and 2T wethers for the houses

=950

= 370

= 99

= 80

= 280

20 Ewe hoggets (some for the house, rest for the dogs) 20 Old thin ewes for dogs

10 Old rams for dogs

Sheep Reconciliation (For Method 1)

Wether Lambs

On hand

jq July !lought Natural Increase 1000

Transkr 50

,

Fwe_--t ___ +-__

I

Lambs

t--

~

Hoggets

2 tooth Ewes

4 tooth Ewes

6 tooth Ewes

630 . 630 ,480

480

440

400

/.'

/'

,

440"

'!:

Iy

Sold Deaths

950

370

90 31

20 20

20 20

20 20

Killed

29

On hand 30 June

630

480

440

40/

~

---+---+----t---'~~-~

8 tooth

P

______ ._+ ___ ^Ewes 3_6_() __

~---+_--3-6--0~~'~1~

---+

1_2_() __

+_-3-6-0-~

I

it'

^I

^I

I Ewes /

I I

I

I

-1-1---+\---/

Ion! ^~I

F'~ I '" ^I ---1---J-'--S~-+----+---+I-l'149

~! -T-C-)t-al-S~!-_-_-2~7_4-_0

-_-~~!i~~.~_i-'_'-_-_~~]~~4_-h

~-;

f-)--L~I~~~2~6~8(~)~~I~~I-~17~0~~~I~~~1~35---~II--I~O~8~~:I~_;---_74_0

~,

274() + 13 +

74,3 I

26Sfl + 177(1 + 135 + I(lX + 2740 I

7433

Method 2

This simple accurate method can be adapted to fit any situation.

Example 1:

Flock of 1900 ewes.

5% death rate. 5% culling rate.

Ewes bought as 5 yr. c.f.a. and last 2 years.

Problem:

How many 5 yr. ewes to be bought each year?

We know that we have two age groups - 5-year ewes and 6-year ewes.

We know that the number of 6 yr. ewes is the number of 5 yr.

ewes less 10% (5% deaths

+

We know that the 5 yr. ewes

+

Therefore mathematically the number of 5 yr. ewes

+

So let the number of 5 yr. ewes required = x.

:. x

+

=

:. 1.9x

=

:. x

=

:. the number of 5-year ewes to be bought is 1000.

The number of6-year ewes in the flock will be 0.9 x 1000 = 900.

Example 2:

From example 1 assume that instead of ewes lasting 2 years that half will, in fact, produce 3 crops oflambs. Now we have 5 yr., 6 yr., and 7 yr. ewes.

Death rate still 5%.

Culling rate of 5% for rising 6 yr. ewes and 50% for rising 7 yr.

ewes.

Let number of 5 yr. ewes required = x number of 6 yr. ewes

=

numberof7 yr. ewes will be the number of6 yr. ewes less5%

deaths, less 50%.

e.g. 0.95 (0.9x)

2

=

.. x

+

+

=

2.3275x

=

x

=

:. x

=

.. Number of 5 yr. ewes required

=

:. Number of 6 yr. ewes is 0.9(816)

=

.. Number of 7 yr. ewes is 0.95(735)

2

=

1900 ewes Example 3

The method is equally well applied to any mixed age flock.

Take 1000 ewe flock. Buy 2 tooth replacements. Take 4 crops of lambs - 5% death and 5% cull rate. Sell 5 yr. ewes.

Let Ix .. 0.9x

.. (0.9) (0.9x) ⁼ 0.81x .. (0.9) (0.81x) ⁼ 0.729x

3.439x

.. number 2 ths.

4 ths.

6 ths.

4 yr.

Example 4:

x

= =

= =

= =

= =

= =

=

number of2 tooths required.

number of 4 tooths number of 6 tooths number of 4 yr. ewes 1000

1000/3.439 290.7

=

235 212 1000 ewes

A two-flock system of 2000 Corriedale ewes. Aim is to breed own replacements from part of flock - balance to the fat lamb sire.

We require a 20% culling margin in ewe hoggets, i. e. cull 1 in 5 of the ewe hoggets.

Take 5 ^~ crops of lambs, and build in a 5% death rate

+

culling rate in age groups.

Then let LOx 0.9x 0.9 (0.9x) ⁼ 0.81x 0.9 (0.81x) ⁼ 0.729x 0.9 (0. 729 x) ⁼ O.656x 0.9 (0.656x) ⁼ 0.295x 2 4.?19x

Flock Structure:

456 2 tooths 410 4 tooths 369 6 tooths 3328 tooths 299 5 yr. ewes 134 6 yr. ewes 2000 ewes

:. x

=

=

=

=

=

== number of 6 yr. ewes

=

= 2000

=

4.39

Given that we need 456 2 tooths then with a 115% lambing and 4% hogget death rate, what number of ewes do we need to put to the Corriedale ram?

456 2 tooths represent 80% or 0.8 of the ewe hoggets.

:. Number of ewe hoggets required

=

and to allow for the 4% death rate 570 ewe hoggets represent 0.96 or 96% of the ewe lambs at weaning.

:. Ewe lambs at weaning

=

Assuming that ewe lambs represent )I;; or 50% oflambs born to Corriedale ram, then total Corriedale lambs required to obtain 594 weaned ewe lambs

=

=

Given a lambing % of 115 then the number of ewes required to produce 1188 lambs

=

In summary then, of the 2000 ewes, 1033 go to the Corriedale ram and 967 go to the fat lamb sire.

Stock Reconciliation for Example 4

On Hand 1/7/78 Nat. Incr. Killed ^Death~ Sold Purchased On Hand 30/6/79

2.,00 57 145 2110 12

A B C D E F

TOTALS A 2700 + B 2300 + F ¹² = 2Q.!l ^(I) Total I must TOTALS G 2700 + C 57 + D 145 ⁺ E 2100 = "'SOT:! C) equal Total 2

=

SECTION 3

WOOL PRODUCTION

3. WOOL PRODUCTION 3.1 SHEARING

Adult sheep are usually shorn once per year, dry sheep in September -- October, and wet sheep after the dry shearing. \VJ et ewes may also be shorn pre-lambing (usually August). The practise of shearing 3 times every 2 years (pre-lambing every second year) is also used by some farmers. In the South Island, most sheep are first shorn as hoggets 13 months after birth although a proportion are shorn in January. This practice is more common in the damper districts and particularly in the North Island. Shearing twice a year is common in high producing North Island Romney flocks.

3.2 CRUTCHING

Lambs which are not shorn are crutched inJanuary- February. Ewes are crutched inJune-July and may also be lightly crutched or "ring- crutched" before rams go out.

3.3 WOOL PREPARATION

The trend today in shed preparation is towards Simplification, particularly with average and low grade wools, where little skirting is being done.

The main types of wool considered for budgeting purposes include fleece, necks, pieces, bellies and locks at main shearing and lambs- wool, crutchings and deadwool at other times.

\VJhere skirting is carried out at mainshearing, the following pro- portions are likely to occur.

Type Greasy %

Weight (kg)

Fleece 3.40 75

Necks 0.13 3

Pieces 0.40 9

Bellies 0.30 7

2nd Pc's/Locks 0.27 6

4.50 100

Ewe crutchings amount to 0.2 to 0.3 kg, making a total clip of4. 75 kg per vear, for well fed sheep.

The range in annual clip per sheep as a guide is approx. 3.0 kg to 5.5 kg. Cross-bred hoggets not shorn as lambs average the same as or slightly more than ewes, whereas the slower maturing finer wool breeds average slightly less than ewes.

When shorn as lambs, hoggets would produce 1.0 to 1.5 kg as lambs, and approx. 3.0 kg as hoggets.

Lambs crutch about O.lkg.

3.4 BUDGETING PROCEDURE

When quoting wool weights, it should be clear that figures refer to numbers actually shorn and that weights include crutchings and do or do not include lambs' wool (if it is district practice to shear lambs).

Obtain shearing tallies by deducting ^);~ to % of the annual deaths, depending on the month of shearing. Assess the wool weight per class of sheep and obtain the total wool yield per class of sheep. Add the totals. Then, with the weighted price of the whole of the fleece clip, assess the income from wool. Normally current quotations for the Average Grade of the major class of wool in the clip are a good guide to overall price per kg.

An example:

No. per class as at 1.4.78 1000 ewes

400 hoggets 1050 lambs shorn

lambs crutched 100 rams and killers 2550 TOTAL

Less Shearing Greasy Weight Deaths tally per sheep incl.

crutchings

30 970 4.5kg

6 394 3.4kg

1040 1.1kg

30 70 4.Skg

96 2484

Total Clip = 7 164 kilograms Av. price/kg = ^{196 cents}

:. Income from wool = $14 041.44

3.5 WOOL CLASSIFICATION

Total (kg) 4,365 1,340 1,144 315 7164

The Bradford count classification system for wool is being replaced in New Zealand by the micrometer measure i. e. the diameter of the wool fibre.

The Wool Board has produced the following table showing the relationship between the micrometer measure (commonly called 'micron') and the Bradford count.

Wool Board Micrometer/Quality Relationships

Micrometers Quality Number

19 70s

20 64/70s

21 64s

22 60/64s

23 60s (Merino)

24 60s (Quarter-bred)

25 58/60s

26 58s

27 56/58s

28 56s (52/56s lambs)

29 54/56s (50/52s lambs)

30 52/54s (50/48s lambs)

31 52s (46/50s lambs)

32 50/52s

33 50s (44/48s lambs)

34 48/50s

35 46/50s

37 44/48s

40 36/44s

The New Zealand Wool Board is also using a new Type Structure Index for wool. The sequence of this index is as follows:

MICRON/CATEGORY /STYLE/LENG TH Example: 35F2D

This index means the wool fibres have a diameter of 35 micrometers, they are from main body wool ofstyleB and are from 100 to 150 mm in length.

CATEGORY WARP SPINNERS, PAPER FELTS;

CASING PAPER FELTS

MAIN BODY WOOL

PERENDALE

SOFT COTTS

HARD COTTS

i~ ~~ 211 242526

j

272829 3031 3233

31 32 33343537

192022 ~ 242628 303233 21" 23 25 I 2729" 31 ) 3j/~65"1

32 34 38 41 313335

22262831 333740

38 22262831

33 :37 40 DOWN FLEECE 2527 2830 FIRST LAMBS

~ECOND

I

N~CKS

PI ECES

BE LU ES

CLOTHING ODDMENTS II nel. 2, ,d Cn.)

26 27' 22 2930*3133 28

3841 40

222627"

28 30 40 38 21'2325 2627 28' 303234"

38 21" 23 25 26

27 28' 30 31 33 35' 40

38 21' 2325 26

2728' 30 313335' 40

38 22' 28" 30

32 35' 40 38

A

F

x

G H D L

M

N p

B

c

Type Structure

v v

EG DEG CDE

v v

EG DEG CDE

W,X

. i

v

W,X

i

W,X W,X W,X

X" Z"

,v,X,Y,Z ; W,X,Y,Z W,X,Y,Z W,X,Y,Z W,X,Y,Z GJLOP A·L 0 P I A·L 0 P, A·L.OP A·L 0 P A·L 0 P I E'L'

AG : A-G A-G A-G A-G

A-EGJLO: A-EGJLO: A-EGJLO, AEGJLO ^! A-EGJLO I

I FK FK I FK I FK j i

SUP/GD i ^{GD/AV I AV i} AV/INF! INF I ^{DISC i CARBO}

---t---:---

--+ --

^{--+--- t---}

1 4 , 5 6

OPS T MOPS GJMOPS

T X,Y EFK DG FK XV

XXZ

OPS MOPS GJMOPS DEGJLO GJM

T PS LP LPS JP W,X,Y I, EGKL DG

! X,Y i

~~K _I

XV FK

Xxz i

, EFK X,Y DG

I X,Y EFK il DG XV ! XV FK ! FK XXZ i ^XXZ

T ! T T

OPS MOPS GJMOPS DEGJLO : GJM

T PS LPS JP LP

W,X,Y OPS MOPS GJMOPS' GJM DtGJLO!

T PS LPS LP IP

OPS MOPS GJMOPS GJM DEGJLO

T PS LPS JP LP

I, EGKL DG

I W,X,Y i EGKL

I DG

W,X.Y EGKL DG I WXV WXy i V<iXY i WXY

EGK EGK EGK EGK

! OG ! DG ! DG DG

WXY

! EGK

DG R JLOPS JP JLO

WXY DG EGK

JLOPS R JP JLO

VlXY EGK DG

R JLOPS _ JP I JLO

WXY EGK DG

R JLOPS JP JLO

T"

MP M"P'

r'

T JP

T"

E'K"

T

r

E'K"

T T"

L "P' T

•

I T T T r

T T

T"

r r r

r r

l' r

SECOND 22 PIECES AND 28 ₃₅ S

LOCKS 38

CRUTCHINGS 22

(Firsts) 2711bs) K

28 30' 3311bs)

3437* 40 JLOPS

3841 EGJLOP

EYE CLIPS 22263238 E STAINS 22 28 ₃₅₃₈ Y

DEAD 22283538 V

MUD 28 ₃₅ J

BLACK 2835 0

BRANDS 28 35 T

DOUBLE R

FLEECE 222835

DOWN 252728 Z

ODDMENTS

LENGTH STANDARDS

A B C D E G

K L M o

R S T

200 up 150-200 125-175 100-150 100-125

1120/125*) 1115*) 1110*) 100-175 Iwashing)

75-125 75-100 75-150Iwashing) 50-100 75 50-75 50125- 75) 25-50 Up 10 35

Un!tpecified Merino/Halfbred/Oown

V Speciality

W Full combing

X Short combing

Y Carding

Z Clothing

I :

! I

T RS OR OR JLOPS EGJLOP

T

T I I

i

RS _! RS

! RS I PRS I PRS PRS i

OPS _LOP i ^OPS _LOP ! ^OPS _LOP ^I ,

RS i I

RS RS , _T

T T T i _I

OR OR OR T*

OR OR OR _I

JLOPS JLOPS JLOPS T*

EGJLOP EGJLOP EGJLOP

I

T i ^T

LR I I ^LR

GLP I GLP

T T

j i ^{i !} i ^{GP LP}

T I i ^{T :}

T I ^!

I ^I

T i T i

PS PS ~

MerinoLHalfbredlDown lengths applicable to specific microns

1--[;;," -~~~~~-.-;- ... T -

191s~mm+15~~~0 jmL-Iu:~

20 I ⁷⁰⁺ 50-85 3575 I 21 175+ 160-85 135-75 ¹2550 1 35

22 : 75+ 160-85 150-75 I

23 I ⁷⁵⁺ ,60-85 150-75 125-60 35 24 80+ 60-100 ,50-85 I

I I ^!

25,85+ 160-100 150-85 '25-75 50

26 90+ i 75-10050-85

27 , 90+ 175-110 150-100

I 35-75 50

28 95+ 75-110 50100

29 100+ ! 85-110 !60-100 150-85 60

30 105+ 85-110 ,65100

31 110+ I 85-125 175-110 150-85 60

32 110+ 100-12575-110

i

1100-13~185-110

33 i 115+

Style Descriptions

FLEECE AND SECOND SHEAR BODYWOOL Super A/BB

Gd/Super BB/B GoodB Gd/Av B/C Average C Inferior C/D COTTS Good/Av Average Av/Inferior Inferior

Good colour, well grown, well skirted, sound, free even.

Good colour, well skirted, F.N.F., may be slightly irregular for length and quality. Combing wools must be sound.

Fair to good colour, skirted, may be felty and contain slight vegetable fault.

Fair colour, may contain light skirtings, light veg- etable fault and off cotto

Fair to poor colour, may be unskirted, contain light to medium vegetable fault and be partly cotted.

Poor colour, may contain cott and medium to heavy vegetable fault (but not carbonising).

Good colour, free, skirted.

Fair to good colour, fairly well skirted, may contain slight vegetable fault.

Fair colour, semi-skirted, may contain light vegetable fault.

Poor colour, unskirted, may contain vegetable fault.

DOWN FLEECE

Good/Av Good colour, skirted, may contain slight vegetable fault.

Average Fair/Good colour, semi-skirted, may contain slight vegetable fault.

Av/Inferior Fair/poor colour, may be unskirted and contain light vegetable fault.

Inferior Poor colour, unskirted, may contain vegetable fault.

LAMBS' FIRSTS

Super/Gd Good colour, well picked, free from vegetable fault and of regular length.

Good/Av Good colour, fairly well picked, free from vegetable fault maybe slightly irregular in length.

Average Fair/good colour, semi-picked and may contain slight vegetable fault.

Av/Inferior Fair to poor colour, may be unpicked and contain light vegetable fault.