Farm technical manual 1981

~ W Lincoln College

1981 Farm Budget Manual

Part 1 Technical (Volume 1)

1981 FARM

BUDGET MANUAL

Part 1: TECHNICAL Volume 1 Sections 1-15

Edited by R.J.DIPROSE

Senior Lecturer in Farm Management Department of Farm Management and Rural Valuation

Lincoln College,

Canterbury N.Z.

Printed by Bascands Commercial Print, Christchurch

PREFACE

The 1981 Edition is being published in two volumes as a result of major revision and incorporation of new material, particularly in the Helds of Goat, deer and poultry production, soils, forestry and horticulture.

A number of people have made contributions to this Manual, but several deserve special mention-particularly Miss Elizabeth Burtt for her supervisory role, and Miss N kola Bell, Miss Diana Boy Ie and Miss Megan Ryde for their conscientious work with the major task of revising and updating the information gathered.

To all other members of the College Staff, commercial firms and organizations who provided information and assistance in the revision of this Manual, I extend my grateful thanks.

R]. Diprose

Senior Lecturer in Farm Management Editor

March 1981

FARM BUDGET MANUAL

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CONTENTS

Page SECTION 1 - CHARACTERISTICS OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS 1.1 Normal and Expected Range of Temperature, Pulse

and Respiration ... 1-3 1.2 Puberty... 1-4 1.3 Length of Gestation Period. . . 1-4 1.4 Breeding Table ... " . . . 1.5 1.5 Age of Animals

1.5 Age of Horses ... :.. . . 1.5 1.5.2 Age of Cattle... . ... ... . . ... .. ... . .. . .... 1-6 1.5.3 Age of Sheep ... ,... 1-6 1.6 Age Classes of Livestock... 1-7 1.7 Conversion of Stock Numbers to Stock Units... 1-7 SECTION 2 - SHEEP PRODUCTION

2.1 New Zealand Sheep Statistics. . . .. 2- 3 2.1.1 Sheep Numbers by Statistical Areas as at 30 June

1979 ... 2-3 2.1.2 Ewe Numbersat 30 June and Tailing percentages

for Spring 1976 and 1977 respectively ... 2-3 2.2 Budgeting Notes

2.2.1 Lambing Percentages. . . .. 2-4 2.2.2 Mortality. . . .. 2-4 2.2.3 Culling ... 2-4 2.2.4 Rams ... 2-5 2.2.5 Home Killing and Dog Tucker ... 2-5 2.2.6 Flock Replacements. . . .. 2-6

SECTION 3 - WOOL PRODUCTION

3.1 Shearing... 3-3 3.2 Crutching... 3- 3

3.3 Wool Preparation ... 3-3 3.4 Budgeting Procedure ... 3-4 3.5 Wool Classification. . . .. 3-4 3.6 Summary of Wool Characteristics of Breeds. . . .. 3-11 3.7 Average Percentage Clean Wool Yields of

Full Fleece Wool... 3-15 3.8 Average Percentage Clean Wool Yield of Oddments

of Good/Average Grade... 3-15 3.9 Average Percentage Yield of First Lambs .. '" ... 3-16 3.10 Statistical Report on Wool Selling Season... ... . 3-16 3.11 Sampling and Testing of Wool

3.11.1 Introduction ... 3-17 3.11.2 Advantages of the Sampling and Testing System... 3-18 3.11. 3 Core Sampling. . . 3-20 3.12 New Zealand Selling System

<3.12.1 Modes of Sale... . .. . ... .. ... ... .... ... .... 3-22 3.12.2 Auction Sales in New Zealand... 3-23 3.12.3 Private Buying in New Zealand... 3-26 3.12.4 United Kingdom Auctions... 3-27 SECTION 4 - BEEF CATTLE PRODUCTION

4.1 Beef Cattle Statistics

4.1.1 Beef Cattle Numbers as atJune 1979 ... 4-3 4.2 Factors Influencing Beef Cattle Performance

4.2.1 Physical Performance ... 4-3 4.2.2 Stock Sale Policy. . . .. 4-4 4.3 Methods of Selling Cattle

4.3.1 By auction. . . .. 4-5 4.3.2 By private treaty ... 4-5 4.3.3 On schedule ... 4-5 4.4 Dressing-out Percentages ... 4-6 4.5 Beef Stock Reconciliation

4.5.1 Production Parameters ... 4-6 8

SECTION 5 - DAIRY CATTLE PRODUCTION 5.1 Dairy Statistics

5.1.1 Description of Dairy Herds 1978/79 ... ··· 5-3 5.1.2 Total Dairy Factory Manufacture ... 5-4 5.1.3 Milk Produced and Milkfat Processed ... 5-4 5.104 Milkfat Processed in Dairy Factories,

1978-79 Season ... 5-5 5.1.5 Percentage of Suppliers to Dairy Factories

Supplying Wholemilk (by district) . . . .. 5-6 5.1.6 DairyCattleat30]une1977 ···5-7 5.2 Measurement of Milk and Cream ... , ... 5-8 5.3 Composition of Milk and Product Yields ... 5-8 5.4 Cow Production

504.1 Milkfat Production. . . .. 5-9 504.2 Town Milk Production ... 5-9 5 A. 3 Effective Milking Cows. . . .. 5-9 5.5 The Town Milk Supply System

5.5.1 Quota Milk ... 5-10 5.5.2 Surplus Milk (milk produced in excess of

the quota amount) . . . .. 5-10 5.5.3 The Quota Price ... 5-10 5.504 The Payment Scheme ... 5-11 5.6 Calving Patterns and Analysis of Town Supply Milk

Production ... 5-12 5.7 Herd Replacements

5.7.1 Herd Wastage ... 5-14 5.7.2 Calving Statistics ... 5-15 5.7.3 Number of Heifers Available as Replacements ... 5-15 5.7.4 Bulls ... 5-15 5.8 Stock Reconciliations

5.8.1 Seasonal Supply Herd ... 5-16 5.8.2 Town Supply Herd ... , .. 5-17

SECTION 6 - PIG PRODUCTION 6.1 Pig Production Statistics

6.1.1 Pig Population in New Zealand... 6-3 6.1.2 Number of Breeding Sows in relation to Pigs

Slaughtered. . . .. 6- 3 6.2 Nutrition... 6-4 6.3 Feeding Scale. . . .. 6-6 6.4 Piglet Survival. . . 6-8

SECTION 7 - GOAT PRODUCTION 7.1 General

7.1.1 Requirements... 7-3 7.1.2 Fencing... 7-3 7.1.3 Environment... 7-3 7.1.4 Water... 7-3 7.1.5 Breeding... 7-4 7.1.6 Reproduction... 7-4 7.1.7 Management Routine... 7-4 7.1.8 Grazing... 7-5 7.1.9 Mustering and Handling Feral Goats.... . .. ... . ... 7-6 7.1.10 Identification... 7-6 7.2 Goats for Milk Production

7.2.1 Introduction... 7-6 7.2.2 Requirements... 7-7 7.2.3 Stock... 7-8 SECTION 8 - DEER PRODUCTION

8.1. Feral - Distribution.. ... .. ... ... 8-3 8.2 Capturing Wild Deer

8.2.1 Effects of Capture. . . .. 8- 3 8.2.2 Drugs... 8-3 8.3 Deer Farming

8.3.1 Legislation... 8-3 8.3.2 FarmLocation ... 8-4 8.4 Grazing Management. . . .. 8-4 8.5 Physiology... 8-4

10

8.6 Mating Management and Behaviour

8.6.1 -Hinds... 8-5 8.6.2 Stags ... '. . . 8-5 8.6.3 Calving ... ' ... : ... 8-5 8.7 Diseases

8.7.1 Common Diseases in Farmed Red Deer. . . .. 8-5 8.7.2 yards ... , ... .'.;... 8-6 8.7.3 Paddocks... 8-6 8.7.4 Pasture... 8-6 8.7.5 Winter Feed and Shelder... 8-6

SECTION 9 - POULTRY

9.1 Poultry Statistics. . . 9-3 9.2 Commercial Poultry

9.2.1 Population and Distribution. . . .. 9-4 9.2.2 Egg Production. . . .. 9-4 9.2.3 Meat Production... . .. . .... . .. .. .. .. . ... .. .... . .. .. 9-5 9.3 Other Poultry

9.3:1 Turkeys;... .. 9-5 9.3.2 Ducks... 9-5 9.3.3 Geese... 9-6 9.3.4 Pheasants and Guinea Fowls. . . .. 9-6 9.4 Household Flocks

9.4.1 Husbandry and Management. . . .. 9-6 9.4.2 Broodiness... 9-6 9.4.3 Chick Rearing. ... . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . .. ... 9-6 9.4.4 Pullets ... :... . . . 9-7 9.4.5 Culling... 9-7 9.4.6 Eggs ... 9-7 9.4.7 Home Dressing of Poultry. . . .. . . .. 9-8 9.5 Diseases... 9-9 SECTION 10 - LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION FROM PASTURE AND FODDER CROPS

10.1 Introduction... 10-3 10.2 Nutritive Value of Pasture.. .... .. ... ... . 10-3

10.3 Evaluation of Pasture... 10-5 10.4 Requirements of Ruminants for Pasture... 10-6 10.4.1 Adult Sheep... 10-7 10.4.2 Weaned Lambs ... 10-7 10.4.3 Beef Cattle. ... 10-9 10.4.4 Lactating Dairy Cows.. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. 10-9 10.5 Profile of Annual Demand for Pasture by Ruminants

10.5.1 Sheep ... 10-11 10.5.2 Beef Cattle ... 10-12 10.5.3 Dairy Cows... 10-13 10.6 Livestock Production from Pasture... ... 10-4 10.7 Discussion.. . . 10-17 10.8 Monthly Feed Supply and Demand Tables

10.8.1 Hay Feeding.. . . .. . . .. .. .. .. ... .. . . ... .. .. . . 10-20 10.8.2 Pasture... 10-20 10.8.3 Grain Feeding... 10-21 10.8.4 Brassicas and Root Crops. .. . . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. 10-21 10.8.5 Silage... 10-23 10.8.6 Winter Green Feeds. ... 10-23 10.8.7 Maintenance Feed Requirement Relationship Between

Livestock Classes (Breeding Ewe Constant) . . . 10-24 10.8.8 Reciprocal Maintenance Feed Requirement Relationship

Between Livestock Classes (Dry Stock Constant) . .. 10-25 10.8.9 Pasture... 10-26 SECTION II - PASTURE PRODUCTION

11.1 Identification of Grasses and Clovers

11.1.1 Identification of Grasses. . . 11-3 11.1.2 Identification of Clovers ... 11-6 11.2 New Zealand Herbage Seed ... 11-9 11.3 New Zealand Herbage Varieties and their Characteristics

11.3.1 'Grasslands Ariki' Ryegrass ... 11-10 11.3.2 'Grasslands Manawa' Ryegrass... 11-10 11.3.3 'Grasslands Paroa' Italian Ryegrass .. . . . ... . . . . 11-11 11.3.4 'Grasslands Ruanui' Ryegrass ... 11-11 11.3.5 'Grasslands Nui' Ryegrass... 11-11

12

11.3.6 11.3.7 11.3.8 11.3.9 11.3.10 11. 3.11 11.3.12 11.3.13 11.3.14 11.3.15 11.3.16 11.3.17 11.3.18 11.3.19

'Grasslands Tama' Ryegrass ... . 'Grasslands Moata' Italian Ryegrass ... . 'Grasslands Apanui' Cocksfoot ... . 'Grasslands Kahu' Timothy ... . 'Grasslands Matua' Prairie Grass ... . 'Grasslands Marie' Phalaris ... . 'Grasslands Raku' Paspalum ... . 'Grasslands Roa' Tall Fescue ... ; .. . 'Grasslands Huia' White Clover ... . 'Grasslands Pitau' White Clover. ... . 'Grasslands Turoa' Montgomery Red Clover ... . 'Grasslands Hamua' Broad Red Clover. ... . 'Grasslands Pawera' Red Clover ... . 'Grasslands Maku' Lotus ... .

11-12 11-12 11-12 11-13 11-13 11-14 11-14 11-15 11-15 11-15 11-16 11-16 11-17 11-17 11.4 Seasonal Ranking, Ryegrass - Clover Swards. . . 11-18 11.5 Pasture Production in New Zealand

11.5.1 11.5.2 11.5.3

Utilisation.. .... .... ... ... .. ... ... 11-18 Spelling Period. . . .. 11-19 Extrapolation.. . . ... . ... .... ... ... ... ... ... 11-19

SECTION 12 - CASH CROP AND SMALL SEED PRODUCTION 12.1 Varieties

12.1.1 12.1.2 12.1.3 12.1.4 12.1.5 12.1.6 12.1. 7 12.1.8 12.1.9 12.1.10 12.1.11 12.1.12 12.1.13 12.1.14 12.1.15 12.1.16 12.1.17 12.1.18 12.1.19

Wheat ... . Barley ... . Oats ... . Ryecorn ... . Linseed ... . Maize ... . Peas ... . Lupins ... '" ... . Potatoes ... . Rape ... . Swedes ... . Turnips ... . Kale ... . Fodderbeet ... . Lucerne ... . Ryegrass ... '" ... . Cocksfoot ... . Clovers ... , '" .' ... . Lotus ... ,

12-3 12-3 12-3 12- 3 12-3 12-3 12-3 12-3 12-3 12-3 12-3 12-4 12-4 12-4 12-4 12-4 12-4 12-4 12-4

12.2 Sowing and Harvesting of crops... ... ... 12-5 12.3 Standards for Marketing Cash Crops and Small Seeds

12.3.1 12.3.2 12.3.3 12.3.4 12.3.5 12.3.6

Wheat ... . Barley ... . Oats ... . Peas ... . Beans ... . Potatoes ... . SECTION 13 - VEGETABLE PRODUCTION

13.1 Area and Production Statistics

12-7 12-7 12-8 12-8 12-10 12-10

13.1.1 Market Garden Vegetable Production . . . 13-3 13.1.2 Potatoes... 13-4 13.1.3 Onions... 13-4 13.2 Vegetable Varieties. . . 13-4 13.3 Vegetable Crop Husbandry... 13-9 SECTION 14 - FRUIT AND NUT PRODUCTION

14.1 Fruit Production Statistics 14.1.1

14.1.2 14.1.3 14.1.4

Orchards and Subtropical Fruits ... . Berryfruits ... . Apple and Pear Production ... . Fruit Disposal ... . 14.2 Fruit Production and Management

14.2.1 14.2.2 14.2.3 14.2.4

Berryfruits ... . Citrus ... . Pip and Stone Fruit ... . Tropical Fruit ... .

14-3 14-3 14-4 14-4

14-6 14-18 14-25 14-38 14.3 Nut Production. . . 14-50

14

SECTION 15 - GRAPES AND OTHER HORTICULTURAL CROPS 15.1 Grape Production

15.1.1 Grape Husbandry... 15-4 15.2 Hops... 15-5 15.3 Tobacco ... ,... 15-5

SECTION 16 - FARM FORESTRY

16.1 Planning... 16-3 16.2 Site Factors

16.2.1 Climate... 16-3 16.2.2 Altitude and Aspect.. ... .. ... ... ... ... 16-3 16.2.3 Soils... 16-4 16.2.4 Vegetative Clover. . . . .. . . .. 16-4 16.2.5 Site Index... ... .... .. .. . .. .. ... . ... .. ... 16-4 16.3 Species

16.3.1 Rotation Length... 16-8 16.4 Land Preparation

16.4.1 Techniques for Land Preparation... 16-8 16.5 Planting

16.5.1 16.5.2 16.5.3 16.5.4 16.5.5 16.5.6

Tree Stocks ... . Care of Tree Stocks ... . Planting Technique ... . Spacing ... . Blanking (replacement of dead seedlings) ... . Fertilizer ... .

16-9 16-9 16-9 16-10 16-10 16-10 16.6 Releasing... 16-10 16.7 Tending Regimes

16.7.1 Boards and Veneers... 16-11 16.7.2 Framing Timber... 16-11 16.7.3 Roundwood (posts and poles) ... 16-11

15

16.7.4 Pulpwood ... . 16.7.5 Wide Spaced Planting and Grazing ... . 16.7.6 Sample Management Plans ... . 16.8 Pruning

16.8.1 Selection ... . 16.8.2 Timing ... . 16.8.3 Method and Tools ... . 16.9 Thinning

16.9.1 Pruned Stands- Second Thinning ... . 16.9.2 Unpruned Stands ... . 16.9.3 Douglas fir ... . 16.9.4 Eucalypts ... . 16.9.5 Thinning - General ... . 16.9.6 Timing ... . 16.9.7 Selection (Radiata Pine) ... . 16.9.8 Technique ... . 16.10 Protection

16.10.1 Fire ... . 16.10.2 Animals ... .

16-12 16-12 16-12

16-14 16-17 16-17

16-19 16-19 16-19 16-20 16-20 16-20 16-20 16-21

16-21 16-22 16.11 Disease... 16-22 16.12 Harvesting and Sale

16.12.1 Methods of Sale ... .

16.12.2 Conditions of Sale ... . 16-22 16-24 16.13 Assessment of Volume ... 16-24

SECTION 17 - SOILS AND FERTILIZERS 17.1 The Soils of New Zealand

17.1.1 17.1.2 17.1.3 17.1.4

Zonal Soils ... . Intrazonal Soils ... , ... . Azonal Soils ... . Mapping ... .

17-3 17-4 17-4 17-5 17.2 Essential Elements ... , ... '" ... .. ... .. .. .. 17-6

16

17.3 Soil Testing ... .; . . . ... . . 17-6 17.4 Fertilizer and Lime Requirements for Pastures in New Zealand 17.4.1 NorthIsland ... 17-9 17.4.2 South island... ... 17-12 SECTION 18 -IRRIGATION AND FARM WATER SUPPLY

18.1 Measurements

18.1.1 Useful Conversions ... ;; ... 18-3 18.1.2 . Commonly Used Units for Farm Water Supply ... 18-4 18.1.3 Metric Imperial Equivalents.. .. .. . .. . .. . . .. . . ... 18-5 18.2 Water Requirements

18.2.1 Average Rates of Demand ... 18-5 18.2.2 : Peak Rates of Demand ... 18-6 18.2.3 Quantity and Time Patterns ... 18-6 18.3 Average and Peak Water Requirements for Farm Water Supply

18.3.1 18.3.2 18.3.3 18.3.4 18.3.5 18.3.6 18.3.7 18.3.8

Average Daily Stock Water Requirements ... 18-6 Average Daily Domestic Consumption. . . .. 18-7 Average Daily Garden Consumption ... 18-7 Average Consumptions o,n General Farming

Activities ... . Long Term Demands in Domestic and Stock Supplies ... " ... . Storage Provison of Tanks and Dams Filled by Pumping or Gravity from a Source of Supply Pumping Rates for Filling Storages from Supply ....

Maximum Rates of Consumption for Domestic and Stock Purposes ... .

18-7 18-8 18-9 18-10 18-10 18.4 Factors Influencing Cost of an Irrigation System. .. . .. .. 18-11 18.5 Establishing the Watering Cycle

. 18.5.1 18.5.2 18.5.3 18.5.4

Frequency ofIrrigation. ' ... 18-12 Net Available Water ... 18-12 Total Available Water ... 18-12 Total Available Water per Metre of Soil. . .. ... . .. 18-13 18.6 Sprinkler Irrigation Design Data

18.6.1 Mean Available Water-Holding Capacities of Soils

of Various Textural Classes... . ... . . . .. .. . .. . . . .. 18-13

18.6.2 Mean Available Water-Holding Capacities of Soil

Groups in New Zealand ... 18-14 18.6.3

18.6.4 18.6.5 18.6.6 18.6.7

A Guide to Soil Textures. . . .. 18-14 Crop Root Zone. . . .. 18-15 Maximum Net Application ... 18-16 Efficiency of Application.. . . .. 18-17 Application Rate. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. 18-17 18.7 Trickle Irrigation

18.7.1 18.7.2 18.7.3 18.7.4 18.7.5 18.7.6 18.7.8

Water Sources ...•...

Components ... . Pipes ... . Watering Rate ... . Water Distribution ... . Daily W ater R~quirements ... I •••.•••••.•••••

Fertilizer Req~irements ...•...

18.8 Pump CharacteristicS _! 18.8.1

18.8.2 18.8.3 18.8.4 18.8.5 18.8.6

Pump Total

H~ad,

Water Power (W.P) ... . Pump Efficiency ... . Suction Capacity. . . .. . ... . Pump Selection . . . .. . ... . 18.9 Spray Irrigation Systems

18.9.1 Pumps ... . 18.9.2 Irrigation Analysis ... . 18.9.3 Travelling Irrigators ... : ... . 18.10 Working Lives for Farm Supply Equipment

18-20 18-20 18-20 18-24 18-24 18-24 18-24

18-24 18-27 18-27 18-28 18-28 18-28

18-30 18-31 18-32

18.10.1 Storages ... 18-32 18.10.2 Pumps ... 18-33 18.10.3 Motors ... 18-33 18.10.4 Miscellaneous ... 18-33

18

SECTION 19 - PEST CONTROL 19.1 Weed Control

19.1.1 Introduction ... , ..

19.1.2 Weed Control ... . 19.1. 3 Pastures - General Principles ... . 19.1.4 Noxious Plant control ... . 19.1.5 Farm Forestry and Shelter Belts ... . 19.1.6 Weed Control in Orchards and Vineyards ... . 19.1. 7 Herbicides for Commercial Vegetable Crops .... . 19.1.8 Susceptibility of Common Weeds to Herbicides ... . 19.2 Insect Pest Control

19.2.1 19.2.2 19.2.3 19.2.4 19.2.5 19.2.6 19.2.7 19.2.8 19.2.9

Introduction ... . Berry Fruit Pests ... . Apples and Pears ... . Cereal Crop Pests ... . Forage and Seed Crop Pests ... . Livestock Pests ... . Pasture Pests ... . Stored Products Pests ... . Vegetable Crop Pests ... . 19.3 Disease Control in Crops

19.3.1 Introduction ... . 19.3.2 Cereals, Wheat, Barley, Oats and Maize ... . 19.3.3 Potatoes ...•...

19.3.4 Peas ... . 19.3.5 Brassicas ... . 19.3.6 Lucerne ... . 19.3.7 Pasture ... . SECTION 20 - FARM STRUCTURES

20.1 Sheep Yards

19-3 19-4 19-21 19-23 19-25 19-27 19-32 19-43

19-44 19-46 19-49 19-53 19-54 19-55 19-56 19-58 19-60

19-62 19-66 19-69 19-70 19-70 19-21 19-72

20.1.1 20.1.2 20.1.3 20.1.4 20.1.5 20.1.6 20.1.7

Introduction ... , 20- 3 Yard Size. . . .. 20-4 Yard Shape. . . .. 20-4 Yard Construction ... :... 20-6 Gates ... 20-13 The Crush. . . . .. 20-15 The Drafting Race ... 20-16

20.1.8 Drafting Pens ... ' ... 20-17 20.1.9 CheckPens ... 20-17 20.1.10 Foot-rotBaths ... 20-17 20.1.11 Circular Sheepyards .. . . .. 20-18 20.1.12 Covered yards. . . ..• 20-22 20.2 Cattle yards

20.2.1 20.2.2 20.2.3 20.2.4

Introduction. . . .. 20-25 Designing the Yards .. . . .. 20-25 Yard Construction ... 20-27 Circular Cattleyards. . . .. 20-27 20.3 Cattlestops ... ' ... 20-32 20.4 Deer Yards

20.4.1 Requirements ... , . . . .. 20- 3 3 20.5 W oolsheds

20.5.1 20.5.2 20.5.3

Regulations ... . Wool Rooms ... . Notes ... .

20-36 20-37 20-37 20.6 Dairy Sheds and Yards .... . . .. . . 20-43 20.7 Haybarns... 20-45 20.8 Grain Storage Buildings

20.8.1 Galvanised Steel Silos ... . 20.8.2 Steel Mesh Silos ... . 20.9 Concrete ... . 20.10 Timber ... .

20-46 20-46 20-46 20-47 20.11 Other Farm Buildings... 20-49 SECTION 21- FARM MACHINERY

21.1 Power Terms. . . .. 2l-3 21.2 Useful Formulae... 21-5 21.3 Estimated Fuel and Oil Consumption of Tractors

20

21.3.1 Average Specific Fuel Consumption per kW-hour 21-6 21. 3.2 Fuel Consumption in litres/hour for Different

Sizes and Loads on Tractor Engines.. . . . .. .. . .. .. 21-7 21.3.3 Oil Consumption ... 21-9 21.4 Work Capacity of Farm Machinery and Implements

21.4.1 Cultivation. . . .. 21-9 21.4.2 Harvesting ... 21-9 21.5 Field Capacity and Efficiency

21.5.1

21.5.2 Field Capacity. . . .. 16-9 Effective Field Capacity ... 16-9 21.6 Examples of Working Out Tractor Hours

21.6.1 21.6.2 21.6.3

Heavy Soils. . . .. 21-11 Medium Soils. . . .. 21-13 Miscellaneous. . . .. 21-13

SECTION 22 - WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 22.1 The S.1. System

22.1.1 22.1.2 22.1.3 22.1.4 22.1.5 22.1.6 22.1. 7

Introduction ... , 22-3 S.L Units ... '" ... 22-3 The Prefixes of S.L Units... 22-4 Special Names ... , 22-4 Rules of Style. . . .. 22-5 Precision and Conversion ... , 22-5 Metric and Imperial Listings. . . .. 22-6 22.2 Agricultural Applications of the S.L System

22.2.1 22.2.2 22.2.3 22.2.4 22.2.5 22.2.6 22.2.7 22.2.8

Agricultural Chemicals. . . .. 22-6 Animal Remedies. . . .. 22-8 Dairying . . . .. 22-9 Fencing. . . .. 22-9 Fertilizers. . . .. 22-9 Grains and Seeds ... , 22-10 Horticulture ... , 22-11 Meat: Sheep and Cattle ... 22-11 22.3 Metric and Imperial Conversions

22.3.1 Area ... : ... 22-11 22.3.2 Density ... , " ... , 22-12

22.3.3 22.3.4 22.3.5 22.3.6 22.3.7 22.3.8 22.3.9 22.3.10 22.3.11 22.3.12 22.3.13

Energy ... ". . . . .. 22-12 Length. . . .. 22-12 Mass. . . .. . . .. . . .. 22-13 Mass per Unit Areas. . . .. 22-13 Mass per Unit Length. . . .. 22-13 Pressure ... .- . . . .. 22-14 Temperature ... 22-14 Velocity ... 22-14 Volume ... 22-15 Volume per Unit Area ... 22-15 Volume per Unit Time ... 22-15 22.4 Miscellaneous Measures

22.4.1 Cost Conversions. . . .. 22-16 22.4.2 Crop Yields. ... . .... . .. .. .. . .... .. .... .... .. ... 22-16 22.4.3 Distance. . . .. 22-17 22.4.4 Rainfall. . . .. 22-17 22.4.5 Temperature ... 22-17 22.4.6 Velocity ... 22-17 22.4.7 Volume. . . 22-17 22.4.8 Volume per Unit Area ... 22-17 22.4.9 Application Rate Conversion Chart ... 22-18 SECTION 23 - ELECTRICITY

23.1 Definition of Electrical Terms ... 23-3 23.2 Useful Formulae and Equivalents ... 23-3 23.3 Electricity Consumption - Unit Performance Data

23.3.1

23.3.2 Dairy ... . General ... .

22

23-4 23-5

SECTION 24 - METEOROLOGICAL DATA

24.1 Annual Rainfall... 24-3 24.2 Weather Forecasting

24.2.1 24.2.2 24.2.3 24.2.4

Symbols ... . Example of a Weather map ... . Surface Charts ... . Prognostic Charts and Forecasting ... . 24.3 Summaries of Climatological Observations at Stations

24-3 24.5 24-6 24-7

24.3.1 Introduction... 24-8 24.3.2 Notes on the Tables... 24-8 INDEX... 25-1

SECTION

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS

1.

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTCS OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS

The following information is given as a handy guide and is not intended to be very specific. More detailed information can be obtained from the appropriate sources: Your veterinarian, the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, or text books.

1.1

NORMAL AND EXPECTED RANGE OF TEMPER- ATURE, PULSE AND RESPIRATION.

Rectal Temperature Pulse Respiration

Deg.oC (Beats/Min) (Breaths/Min)

Sheep 38.9 (37.2 - 40.5) 75 (60-120) 12 - 20 Cattle 38.6 (37.8 - 39.3) 70 (40 - 100) 31 (27 -40) Pig 39.3 (38.8 - 40.3) (55 - 86) ( 8 - 18) Horse 37.8 (37.2- 38.1) 44 (23 - 70) 11.9 (10.6 - 13.6) Dog 38.9 (36.7 - 40.5) (100 - 130)" 18 (11 - 38) Goat 39.3 (37.8 - 40.5) 90 (70-135) 19

" Heart rate varies in all these animals according to body weight, but the very great range of size in breeds of dog make this difference more marked. Thus, a Great Dane has a resting pulse of about 80, while toy breeds have a resting rate of about 130.

The temperature will vary considerably for each animal within a certain range. Thus, it is highest in the afternoon and lowest soon after midnight. In cattle under paddock conditions, for instance, this range may cover 2.2°C. The range is not so marked in housed cattle, or where the climate is temperate.

Exercise, feeding and excitement, will raise the temperature. Drink- ing cold water and bleak conditions will lower the temperature.

An abnormal temperature may be of great importance as indicating the nature of the disease. For example, a cow after calving may go down and become semi-comatose; if the temperature is high, it points to the possibility of septicaemia. If the temperature is low, it points to the possibility of a metabolic disease such as milk fever.

Rectal temperature should always -be . taken, if, for example, symptoms are being noted in order to telephone a veterinarian for advice. It isoltenthe most important single piece of information. It should be taken in the rectum, with an ordinary human clinical thermometer, a half-minute thermometer being left in a minute and a half, to obtain an accurate reading.

1-3

The pulse and respiration should also be taken in conjunction with the temperature, as they often give most valuable evidence. The simplest way to count the pulse is to hold the hand over the heart area (under the elbow) and count the impulses of the heart beat.

The pulse and respiration will vary widely with exercise, excitement, or weather conditions, quite apart from the effect of disease.

1.2 PUBERTY

Ewe Cow Sow Mare Bitch Nanny

Normal Time (Age in months)

8 - 12 12 - 18 4- 5 12 - 24 7 - 10 8 - 12

Puberty is the age at which animals are capable of breeding for the first time.

The main factor affecting puberty is body weight, which is affected by feeding, liveweight breed, strain and climate.

1.3 LENGTH OF GESTATION PERIOD

Average

Period Range (Days) Mare ... " ... . 347 322 - 419

Cow ... . 283 240 - 321 Ewe ... . 150 146-161 Sow ... . 115 109-143 Goat ... . 156 150 - 163 Bitch ... . 60 55 - 63 Cat ... . 50 48 - 56 Rabbit ... . 28 20 - 35 Turkey sitting ) Hen ... . 24 27 - 28 on the eggs ) Duck ... . 27 24- 30 of the ) Turkey ... . 26 24 - 30 Hen sitting on ) Duck ... . 30 26 - 34 the eggs of the ) Hen ... . 21 19 - 24 Duck ... . 30 28 - 32 Goose ... . 30 27- 33 Pigeon ... . 18 16 - 20

1-4

1.4 BREEDING TABLE

Time of Service Calving Date Lambing Date Farrowing Date

July 9 April 17 December 5 October 31

July 23 May December 19 November 14

August 6 May 15 January 2 November 28

August 20 May 29 January 16 December 12

September 3 June 12 January 30 December 26

September 17 June 26 January 9

October 1 July 10 January 23

October 15 July 24 February 6

October 29 August 7 February 20

November 12 August 21 March 6

November 26 September 4 March 20

December 10 September 18 April 3

December 24 October 2 May 22 April 17

January 8 October 17 June 6 May 2

January 22 October 31 June 20 May 16

February 5 November 14 July 4 May 30

February 19 November 28 July 18 June 13

March 5 December 12 August June 27

March 19 December 26 August 15 July 11

April 2 January 9 August 29 July 25

April 16 January 23 September 12 August 8

April 30 February 6 September 26 August 22

May 14 February 20 October 10 September 5

May 28 March 6 October 24 September 19

June 11 March 20 November 7 October 3

June 25 April 3 November 21 October 17

Sheep: 5 months (147 days) less 4 days. Cow: 9 months (182 days) plus 9 days.

Sow 113 days

1.5 AGE OF ANIMALS 1.5.1 Age of Horses

Location of teeth Ages at "Cups" disappear eruption of from wearing

permanent surfaces of teeth permanen t teeth

lower jaw First pair of middle incisors 2X years 6 years Second pair of incisors

(Located at either side of 3X years 7 years

"nippers")

Third pair of corner incisors 4X years 8 years 1-5

The age of the older horses is more difficult to determine but, in general, the shape of the wearing surface of the teeth gradually changes from oval to triangular, the forward pitch becomes more marked, and the neck of the teeth at the gums becomes narrower. At 10 years, a groove, known as Galvayne's Groove, appears on the Upper Corner Incisor. At 15 years, this groove is halfway down the tooth, andat20 yearsitis the full length of the tooth. This depends on the speed of eruption.

1.5.2 Age of Cattle

The age of cattle is usually determined by general appearance.

However, the time that the teeth erupt can be used as a guide to age. During the first few weeks of life, four pairs of temporary incisors in the lower jaw usually appear. These are replaced by the same number of permanent ones as follows:-

Teeth

First or middle pair of incisors Second pair of incisors

Third pair of incisors Fourth pair of incisors

Age of Eruption 22 to 30 months 27 to 41 months 33 to 42 months 42 months The state of dentition, taken alone, is not a reliable guide to the age of cattle.

1.5.3 Age of Sheep

The age of sheep can be gauged by the time of the appearance of permanent incisors, there being four pairs, all in the lower jaw.

By the use of age marks and eartags their age is clearly shown.

Teeth erupt as follows:

Teeth

First or middle pair of incisors Second pair of incisors Third pair of incisors Fourth pair of incisors

Age at Eruption 12 to 18 months 21 to 24 months 30 to 36 months 42 to 48 months

Common term 2 tooth 4 tooth 6 tooth fullmouth Type of feed and pasture have a good deal of influence on the age at which teeth of a sheep begin to wear and fall out. The extent of teeth wear depends largely on the age of culling ewes.

Normally a ewe is culled at 6-7 years of age.

1.6

AGE CLASSES OF LIVESTOCK

Livestock Age Female Male Neuter

Cattle (a) Young heifer calf bull calf

(b) half grown heifer bull steer

(c) adult cow bull steer

Deer

(i) Fallow (a) fawn fawn

(b) & (c) doe buck

(ii) Red (a) calf calf

(b) & (c) hind stag

(iii) Wapiti (a) calf calf

(b) & (c) cow bull

Ducks (a) duckling duckling

(b) & (c) hen drake

Fowls (a) chick chick

(b) pullet

(c) hen rooster! cock capon

Goats (a) kid kid

(b) & (c) doe/nanny buck/billy

Horses (a) foal foal

(b) filly colt gelding

( c) mare stallion gelding

Pigs (a) piglet piglet

(b) gilt boar barrow/hog

( c) sow boar barrow/hog

Sheep (a) lamb lamb

(b) ewe hogget ram hogget wether hog-

( c) ewe ram get wether

Turkeys (a) poult poult

(b) & (c) hen tom/gobbler

1.7

Table of Oestrus

Duration of Return after Recurrence if Oestrum Parturition not pregnant Ewe (Merino) 36-48 hrs 60-150 days if 17 (12-19)

no suckling, days.

otherwise 4-6 months.

Cow 14 hrs (10-18 40-120 days 21 (18-24) hrs)

days Mare 4~-9 days 9-14 days 21 (12-25)

days Sow 2-3 days 7 days after 21 (14-26)

weaning days

Bitch 4-13 days 5-6 months 5-6 months

1.8 Conversion of stock number to STOCK UNITS (Ewe Equivalents)

SHEEP s.u.

Breeding ewe (Std 55 kg) 1.0

Breeding ewe (ligh, e.g. Merino) 0.9

Breeding ewe (heavy, e.g. Border Romney) 1.1

Stud ewe 1.1

Ewe hogget, not mated 0.7

Ewe hogget, mated 1.0

Wether hogget 0.7

Wether, 2th and older 0.7

Ram hogget 0.8

Ram, 2th and older 0.8

Stock units are conventionally calculated for winter tally, at 30 June and 1 July each year.

CATTLE s.u.

Heifer calf, autumn-born 2.0

Rising 1 year heifer 3.5

Rising 2 year heifer, empty 4.5

Rising 2 year heifer, in-calf 6.0

Rising 3 year heifer, in-calf 6.0

Beef breeding cow 6.0

Steer or bull calf, autumn-born 2.0

Rising 1 year steer/bull 4.0

Rising 2 year steer 5.0

Rising 3 year steer, and older 5.5

Rising 2 year bull, and older 5.5

Nurse cow, multiple-suckled up to 8.0 Dairy cow, light breed (e.g. Jersey) 7.5 Dairy cow, heavy breed (e.g. Friesian) 8.5

Horse 7.0

NOTE: Stock unit conversion ratios to be used by the R.B.F.C.

in administering the Livestock Incentive Scheme are slightly different in some cases from the above ratios.

1-8

SECTION

SHEEP PRODUCTION

2

SHEEP PRODUCTION

2.1 NEW ZEALAND SHEEP STATISTICS

2.1.1

Numbers by Statistical Areas as at 30 June 1979

1 1

Total Percent Breeding Percent Hog Hoggets Other Sheep change Ewes change gets Wether sheep Statistical Area '000 from last '000 from last Ewe '000 '000

year '000 year '000 '000

Northland 1872 8.1 1277 8.3 400 156 39

Central Auckland 861 -3.0 582 -1.5 144 118 17

South Auckland

Bay of Plenty 9099 0.6 6583 2.7 1778 540 198

East Coast 2789 2.6 1947 2.3 658 121 63

Hawke's Bay 7504 2.0 5436 1.1 1649 264 155

Taranaki 1 528 1.2 1 119 4.8 279 98 32

Wellington 9891 6.7 6961 6.6 2082 630 218

North Island 33544 3.2 23905 3.7 6990 1927 722

Marlborough 1492 3.3 1 021 6.2 280 161 30

N elson/Westland 1069 3.9 761 7.0 215 72 21

Canterbury 10 822 2.1 8055 4.9 2021 536 210

Otago 8290 2.5 6096 3.8 1602 444 148

Southland 8306 -2.1 6270 0.6 1772 117 147

South Island 29979 1.1 22203 3.5 5890 1 330 556

NEW ZEALAND 63523 2.2 46108 3.6 12880 3257 1278

1: These breeding ewes, include ewes not put to the ram. Prior to June 1979, ewes not put to ram were included with other sheep.

Source: Department of Statistics.

2.1.2 E·we Numbers at 30June and Tailing Percentages for Spring of 1977 and 1978 respectively.

Ewe Numbers atJune Tailing %

Sta tistical Area 1977 1978 1977 1978

'000 '000

Northland 1,032 1,179 94.2 87.9

Central Auckland 545 591 90.8 86.0

Sth.Auckland/Bay of 5932 6413 91.0 80.2

Plenty

East Coast 1,819 1,904 80.9 82.6

Hawke's Bay 5,222 5,376 86.7 85.5

Taranaki 1,008 1,068 89.2 81.0

Wellington 6 384 6 528 85.0 86.8

North Island 21 942 23 059 87.5 84.1

Marlborough 938 961 90.9 89.7

Nelson/Westland 651 711 93.8 90.5

Canterbury 7569 7678 97.3 92.3

Otago 5 646 5 875 97.3 96.7

Southland 6,034 6,231 106.7 106.2

South Island 20,838 21,456 99.5 97.2

NEW ZEALAND 42,780 44,515 93.3 90.4

(Source: "Annual Review of the Sheep and BeefIndustry, 1978/79", N.Z. Meat and Wool Boards' Economic Service).

2.2

BUDGETING NOTES

2.2.1

Lambing Percentage

There are several common methods for calculating the lambing percentage figure:

1.

2.

Number of lambs docked X 100 Number of ewes to ram 1 Number of lambs docked. X Number of ewes alive at docking 100

-1- 3. Number of lambs surviving to sale X 100

Number of ewes put to the ram 1

4. Lambs born

+

Ewes lambing Ewes to Ram.

The 3rd calculation is the only correct one for budgeting and should be used in preference to 1 and 2.

These two methods are often used by farmers but give a false picture of the flock's lambing performances.

2.2.2

Mortality

The average mortality for a ewe flock on low country is4%-5%.

On harder country, this figure is higher. 6%-10% overall is common on South Island high country runs with occasional losses of greater than 15%.

Lamb losses are usually taken as from docking to sale. Average death allowances are 2-3% for stores and 3-4% for export lambs.

2~2.3

Culling

It is usual to cull to some extent in most ewe flocks. The criteria on which the sheep are culled vary a lot with the flock policy and

2-4

the type of country. Sheep would be predominantly culled for age and or body condition at 5-7 years of age. Any ewe with bearing trouble, bad udder, poor constitution, barreness and very poor wool performance may be culled at any age. Culling is heavy in ewe lambs and 2 tooth ewes. Usually total numbers of ewe lambs are sufficient to allow fairly heavy culling in selection of ewe lambs to go into winter. Culls from hill farms are readily sold to farmers on lower country, either as ewe lambs or as 2Ts in the autumn.

Most hill country farmers discard ewes when they have lambed 3 or 4 times because of a drecreasing wool production, or when the mouths are worn down. These '4 year olds' and '5 year olds' are sold at local ewe fairs for export lamb production. They are usually mated to a terminal cross bred meat sire (termed 'cast for age' or c.f.a. ewes.)

2.2.4

Rams

It is usual to buy rams as 'one-shear by private treaty and a small number at local ram fairs, which are either stud or flock. The average farmer buys flock rams. Rams last 'on average' 4 breeding seasons and are usually disposed of by killing for farm dogs. One rame per 70 ewes is a common ration but recent research has shown that 1:150 is adequate. This depends on the breed and the type of country.

2.2.5

Home Killing and Dog Tucker

On sheep farms, a suitable allowance is Y:i a sheep per household per week. This varies with the number of employees and the time of the year. It is usual to keep some cull lambs for house meat but wether hoggets may be bought. Dogs are usually fed on ram meat or other sheep that are killed for this purpose. It cannot be stressed enough that ALL meat or offal fed to dogs should be either frozen or cooked for the legal minimum periods of time for the control of hydatids and sheep measles.

Meat frozen for 10 days at-lOOC or boiled for 1 hour is deemed safe for dogs.

For further information, contact the Hydatids Officer at your local Council office.

It should also be emphasized that all meat for home consump- tion should be prepared in hygienic surroundings. Farm-killed meat must NOT be offered for sale.

2.2.6 Flock Replacements

Method 1:

It is essential in any budgetary estimate to state the class, number and performance of the sheep flock on the property and to tie this up in a stock reconciliation covering a twelve month period. An example is given here of a store sheep unit carrying 2,000 ewes and breeding own replacements. Ewes last 5 seasons and 100 per cent of lambs survive to weaning.

Mortality in the ewe flock is 5 per cent and approximately 5 per cent of the 4, 6 and 8 tooth ewes and the 5 years ewes are culled each year. Twenty per cent of the 2 tooth ewes are culled before going into the ewe flock.

The procedure is as follows:

1. Establish the total loss from the ewe flock annually which is 5% deaths and 5% culling or approximately 200.

2. Ewes are kept S seasons so divide this total loss by S to 'get the approximate loss in each age group of the flock 200 -;-S

=

3. In a flock being kept for S seasons, more than l/S th of the sheep are 2T, more than l/Sth are 4T, approximately l/Sth 6T, less than l/Sth are 8T and less again are S year olds because of deaths. The flock composition is found by taking l/Sth of the total flock and calling this 6T ewes, e.g.

2000 x l/Sth = 400 6T ewes.

The number of sheep in each other age group is then found by adding or subtracting the appropriate number of annual losses per age group.

e.g. number of 2T ewes = 400

+

440 4T ewes 400 6T ewes 360 8T ewes

~S year ewes 2,000

S. Cull mixed age ewes for sale. These make up half of the annual loss per age group~ e.g. 40

2·

2·6

.. 20 4T ewes 20 6T ewes 20 sT ewes 20 5 year ewes so for sale annually

6. Cast for age ewes for sale are 320 less half the annual loss per age group (deaths only, as they are all being culled).

e.g. 320-2" 40

= 300 less say 20 for dog tucker

= 2S0 C.P.A. ewes to sell

7. Two tooth ewes required are sufficient for 20% culling.

:. 4S0 x

~~g

Ewe lambs to be kept at weaning to ensure this number of 2T ewes allowing 5% death rate in ewe hoggets.

= 576 x 95 100 = 607, say 610 and cull 99 2T S. Lamb disposal: 100% survival to sale or flock.

.. 1 000 wether lambs to sell less 50 killers

1 000 ewe lambs less 610 to flock gives 390 to sell Less 20 culls for house mutton and dog tucker

= 370 ewe lambs to sell

9. This stock performance will now be formally summarized in a stock reconciliation. (over page).

10. Summary of Sales:

Wether Lambs: Prime off the mothers 9%

=

Ewe Lambs 2T Ewes

Seconds off the mothers 1%= 10 Prime off Feed 50%

=

=

Mixed Age Ewes (Culls) Cast for Age Ewes

Summary of Sheep Killed:

49 Wether hoggets and 2T wethers for the houses

=950

=

=

=

=

20 Ewe hoggets (some for the house, rest for the dogs) 20 Old thin ewes for dogs

10 Old rams for dogs 2-7

f--- Ewe Hoggeb 2 tooth

Ewes 40

4 tooth

Ewes 44(l

6 tooth

Ewes 400

8 tooth _{360 360 I}

/'

Ewes

5 year _Ewes ³²⁰

no? _, '1/

I

I

Kille" 60

st

I

Tutals

I

I I

I i

I

1740 + 13 + -1U\II 26BO + 177t1 + 135 + ^HI.

I I

74]] 7433

2-8

Method 2

This simple accurate method can be adapted to fit any situation.

Example 1:

Flock of 1900 ewes.

5% death rate. 5% culling rate.

Ewes bought as 5 yr. c.f.a. and last 2 years.

Problem:

How many 5 yr. ewes to be bought each year?

We know that we have two age groups- 5-year ewes and 6-year ewes.

We know that the number of 6 yr. ewes is the number of 5 yr.

ewes less 10% (5% deaths

+

We know that the 5 yr. ewes

+

Therefore mathematically the number of 5 yr. ewes

+

=

So let the number of 5 yr. ewes required

=

:. x

+

:. the number of 5-year ewes to be bought is 1000.

The number of6-year ewes in the flock will beO.9 x 1000 = 900.

Example 2:

From example 1 assume that instead of ewes lasting 2 years that half will, in fact, produce 3 crops oflambs. Now we have 5 yr., 6 yr., and 7 yr. ewes.

Death rate still 5%.

Culling rate of 5% for rising 6 yr. ewes and 50% for rising 7 yr.

ewes.

Let number of 5 yr. ewes required = x number of 6 yr. ewes

=

numberof7 yr. ewes will be the number of6 yr. ewes less 5%

deaths, less 50%.

2·9

e.g. 0.95 (0.9x) 2

:. x + 0.9x + 0.4275 x 2.3275x x

:. x

=

=

=

0.4275x 1900 1900

1900/2.3275 816

:. Number of 5 yr. ewes required

=

:. Number of 6 yr. ewes is 0.9(816)

:. Number of 7 yr. ewes is 0.95(735)

=

2

=

1900 ewes Example 3

The method is equally well applied to any mixed age flock.

Take 1000 ewe flock. Buy 2 tooth replacements. Take 4 crops of lambs - 5% death and 5% cull rate. Sell 5 yr. ewes.

Let Ix .. 0.9x

.. (0.9) (0.9x) ⁼ 0.81x .. (0.9) (0.81x) ⁼ 0.729x

3.439x

.. number 2 ths.

4 ths.

6 ths.

4 yr.

Example 4:

x

= =

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

= =

number of 2 tooths required.

number of 4 tooths number of 6 tooths number of 4 yr. ewes 1000

1000/3.439 290.7 = say 291 291 262

235 212 1000 ewes

A two-flock system of 2000 Corriedale ewes. Aim is to breed own replacements from part of flock - balance to the fat lamb sire.

We require a 20% culling margin in ewe hoggets, i. e. culll in 5 of the ewe hoggets.

Take 5;';; crops of lambs, and build in a 5% death rate

+

culling rate in age groups.

2·10

Then let 1.0x 0.9x 0.9 (0.9x) ⁼ 0.81x 0.9 (0.81x) ⁼ 0.729x 0.9 (0. 729 x) = 0.656x 0.9 (0.656x) ⁼ 0.295x

2 4.39x

Flock Structure:

456 2 tooths 410 4 tooths 369 6 tooths 3328 tooths 299 5 yr. ewes 134 6 yr. ewes 2000 ewes

:. x

= number of2 tooths required.

= number of 4 tooths

=

= number of 8 tooths

= number of 5 yr. ewes

=

=

=

4.39

Given that we need 456 2 tooths then with a 115% lambing and 4% hogget death rate, what number of ewes do we need to put to the Corrie dale ram?

456 2 tooths represent 80% or 0.8 of the ewe hoggets.

:. Number of ewe hoggets required = 456/0.8 ⁼ 570

and to allow for the 4% death rate 570 ewe hoggets represent 0.96 or 96% of the ewe lambs at weaning.

:. Ewe lambs at weaning = 570/0.96 ⁼ 594

Assuming that ewe lambs represent ~ or 50% oflambs born to Corriedale ram, then total Corriedale lambs required to obtain 594 weaned ewe lambs

=

Given a lambing % of 115 then the number of ewes required to 'produce 1188 lambs = 1188/1.15 ⁼ 1033.

In summary then, of the 2000 ewes, 1033 go to the Corriedale ram and 967 go to the fat lamb sire.

~tock Unlts !ClaSS ot~Wl;~ _Nat, I ueatns purcn-~tl;~1 class ; lOS 1,n,g

~~en/~g J~te ^Stoc lncr. Killed Sales ases

Breed,/7 . lLosses ,'/'c 1"11 Stock ~rr'f';

I~ _Lambs r::~:~:~:;:;:;:;:;: . ^{11;; 0}

~

, ~~~:ted ¹⁴ 5~C ~n~~::d, ',er.

!+if, ^{.~ ,~~~~d iE~~~: 4th l'lt,} 530 ^'j5G

- --

--

^-

3<;0 2IJ

_21

13""

6th 1') 6th

4yr 33? ¹⁸ 332 4yr

5vr 299 ...1" 17 .09') 5yr

6yr ~3!' _15 _1')0

1;:1. 6yr

-? 1 '.

Aged ^{" c,} Aged

?c~n 1c;J ~e~~L 20CO ::':':. 'Q():" ~~~~L ^{L'", ,}

.~-m.s

Lambs i:;:::;:;:;:::;:::; Sl

Hgts ^5·~ ~:I _10 1!2"lC, r;.'"': Hgts -?~ 2

2th .?,"" _~S ^.~ 2th

-

Aged ^~o Aged

'l?

.

~n~~F

..

I~ Lambs i~ttt~1;1 ::':::::::'::::

Hqts Hgts

2ths ^,_2

, _--

Aged 3~ 9 ^{? 7:,0.} M.Aqe

I,t,

.'

~~~~~

la :b ^{Ie Id Ie It}

,"'!~)~ ~~G~~ ~ 11((h~1 ~~~~C II v~ 1:, j}h~' s

I

I

I

I ^I.·';.,~

LAMBING PERFORrMNCE (Based on Ewes to Ram) Tailing = 115 % Survival to Sale - 11" % DEATH RATES

Ewes - ^~.3 % Hgts =

1.'"

RECONCILIATION

( I) To ta 1 s a + b + f = ,,",1'

(2) Tota 15 c + d + e + 9 = r~. ^:'

Rams = 5.3 % TotanTTmust - Totalc-{.c:cZ.'--} ^~

2-12

SECTION 3

WOOL PRODUCTION

3. WOOL PRODUCTION 3.1 SHEARING

Adult sheep are usually shorn once per year, dry sheep in September - October, and wet sheep after the dry shearing. Wet ewes may also be shorn pre-lambing (usually August). The practise of shearing 3 times every 2 years (pre-lambing every second year) is also used by some farmers. In the South Island, most sheep are first shorn as hoggets 13 months after birth although a proportion are shorn in January. This practice is more common in the damper districts and particularly in the North Island. Shearing twice a year is common in high producing North Island Romney flocks.

3.2 CRUTCHING

Lambs which are not shorn are crutched inJanuary- February. Ewes are crutched inJune-July and may also be lightly crutched or "ring- crutched" before rams go out.

3.3 WOOL PREPARATION

The trend today in shed preparation is towards simplification, particularly with average and low grade wools, where little skirting is being done.

The main types of wool considered for budgeting purposes include fleece, necks, pieces, bellies and locks at main shearing and lambs- wool, crutchings and deadwool at other times.

Where skirting is carried out at mainshearing, the following pro- portions are likely to occur.

Type Greasy %

Weight (kg)

Fleece 3.40 75

Necks 0.13 3

Pieces 0.40 ₉

Bellies 0.30 7

2nd Pc's/Locks 0.27 6

4.50 100

Ewe crutchings amount to 0.2 to 0.3 kg, making a total clip of4. 75 kg per year, for well fed sheep.

The range in annual clip per sheep as a guide is approx. 3.0 kg to 5.5 kg. Cross-bred hoggets not shorn as lambs average the same as or slightly more than ewes, whereas the slower maturing finer wool breeds average slightly less than ewes.

When shorn as lambs, hoggets would produce 1.0 to 1.5 kg as lambs, and approx. 3.0 kg as hoggets.

Lambs crutch about O.lkg.

3.4 BUDGETING PROCEDURE

When quoting wool weights, it should be clear that figures refer to numbers actually shorn and that weights include crutchings and do or do not include lambs' wool (if it is district practice to shear lambs).

Obtain shearing tallies by deducting ~ to % of the annual deaths, depending on the month of shearing. Assess the wool weight per class of sheep and obtain the total wool yield per class of sheep. Add the totals. Then, with the weighted price of the whole of the fleece clip, assess the income from wool. Normally current quotations for the Average Grade of the major class of wool in the clip are a good guide to overall price per kg.

An example:

No. per class as at 1.4.78 1000 ewes

400 hoggets 1050 lambs shorn

lambs crutched 100 rams and killers 2550 TOTAL

Less Shearing Greasy Weight Deaths tally per sheep incl.

crutchings

30 970 4.5kg

6 394 3.4kg

1040 1.1kg

30 70 4.5kg

96 2484

Total Clip = 7 164 kilograms Av. price/kg = ^{196 cents}

:. Income from wool = $14 041.44

3.5 WOOL CLASSIFICATION

Total (kg) 4,365 1,340 1,144 315 7164

The Bradford count classification system for wool is being replaced in New Zealand by the micrometer measure i. e. the diameter of the wool fibre.

The Wool Board has produced the following table showing the relationship between the micrometer measure (commonly called 'micron') and the Bradford count.

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