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Farm technical manual 1983

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1983 FARM

BUDGET MANUAL

Editors:

TECHNICAL

Volume 2

Sections 1 6 - 25

M. B. CLARK Senior Lecturer

in Agricultural Accounting G. P. RENNIE

Lecturer in Farm Management Department of Farm Management and Rural Valuation

Lincoln College,

Canterbury, New Zealand

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SECTION 16

GRAPES AND OTHER

HORTICULTURAL CROPS

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SECTiON "17

FARM FORESTRY

Contributed by A. Allen, New Zealand Forest Service

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SECTION 18

SOILS AND FERTILISERS

Contributed by Dr. K. Cameron, Soils Department

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References

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